(Abstract)
This dissertation undertakes study on the reason why 'Tattoo' has been alienated from history as 'otherness,' even if it has been regarded as the archetype of art. Since 'Tattoo' has been called a body art, it has been underestimated as ...
(Abstract)
This dissertation undertakes study on the reason why 'Tattoo' has been alienated from history as 'otherness,' even if it has been regarded as the archetype of art. Since 'Tattoo' has been called a body art, it has been underestimated as belonging to the inferior part of spirit-body division, and consequently estranged from the mainstream culture and network. One of the most prevailing attempts to depart from 'modern subjectivity' after postmodernism is study on 'difference itself' which neither belongs to 'sameness' nor be reversed to 'subjects' and 'awareness.’ In a word, this movement aims at revealing the presence of 'otherness.' This study focuses on the 'otherness' of 'Tattoo' which has been on the periphery of aesthetic arena for a long time, and on its relations with the concepts of 'otherness,' 'gender,' and 'classes' in terms of modern discourse.
This study takes up a task to newly illuminate body-tattoo aesthetics which has been degraded as an object of aversion and abhorrence, and also to explore a new space and voice for it. In addition, this study aims at exploring the possibility of expansion of the aesthetic sphere through a true understanding of cultural diversity and of minority culture. Also it seeks potential of a new aesthetic paradigm in which Tattoo as an art has power to reverse extant traditional gender concept and aesthetic conventions.
The primitivity, abhorrence and symbolicity of 'Tattoo' associated with social deviancy and disgrace are not intrinsic natures of Tattoo, rather, they are products of its relations with 'subjectivity' of each particular social frame. This study traces the formation of 'otherness' of Tattoo by visiting world history from ancient times to modern and postmodern periods. Followings are outlines of this study.
Chapter II examines theoretical discussions on 'body' and on the meaning of Tattoo as a body art. Tattooing has been excluded and avoided just as 'otherness' has been marginalized in the history. Traditionally, 'body' takes up the lower and less focused division in 'spirit-body' hierarchical dichotomy based on western Cartesian metaphysics in which 'spirit' takes the upper division. Philosophical studies on aesthetic values have also posited bodily and sensible beauties in the lowest part of aesthetical dialectics. Postmodernism saw disruption of dichotomy between subjects/others, center/margin, culture/nature and so on, and drew people's new attention to body as 'otherness.' With the disruption of modern subjectivity, the concept of 'otherness' stands out as one of postmodern thoughts.
In terms of 'art,' the attempt to disrupt traditional and hierarchical relations between male/female, and subjects/others was done with changing modes in the representation of body. Especially, grotesquely represented body deconstructs conventional norm and fixed concepts of masculinity and femininity. This kind of modern grotesqueness has a considerable critical influence as both political as well as physical discourse. 'Grotesque' is being diversely used under the concept of 'Abject Art.' It deals with uncomfortable and abhorrent elements such as the unsanitary, physical deformity like transformation and dissection, which will potentially result in creating a mixed cultural paradigm surpassing extant conventions or traditional social standards. In other words, 'Abject Art' blurs the boundary between 'self' and 'others,' and challenges norms which has been forbidden. Body in this genre can be understood as a new resistant code which copes with male-dominated patriarchal discourse and aims at the reversal of 'Symbolic System.'
Chapter III examines the formation of the 'otherness' of Tattoo over ancient historical period of Greece and Rome. Tattoo has been long known as primitive cultural custom imported to the West by James Cook in the 18th century and accepted as a unique culture of uncivilized tribes from Tahiti or from Polynesian Islands. Contrary to these common concepts, 'Tattoo‘ had already been in ancient Greece and Rome thought of as a custom of social outcasts and barbarians representing infamous codes associated with disgrace and stigma. Negative ideas on 'Tattoo' was originated from 'Orientalism' of ancient Greeks who degraded Persian culture, priding their supremacy over Persian people. As Greek society used Tattoo as a tool for physical discipline and punishment, Tattoo came to represent authority and power inflicted upon body. Therefore, 'Tattoo' was involved with criminals, slaves and social outcasts.
Chapter IV deals with how the 'otherness' of Tattoo was reformed by west-centric 'Orientalism' during the formation of 18th century premodern society, and how Tattoo was reinterpreted by western gaze. Modern western world was in the middle of establishing its own identity, and the 'Other East' functioned as a mirror in the process. Western colonial discourse discriminated East as 'barbarian' and 'nature' from rational and civilized West. During the expansion of colonial territories around the South Pacific Area, the islanders became the objects of curiosity and study, and their tattoos were regarded as exotic differential codes between western and oriental people.
From the west-centric perspective, Tattoo is something that represents mysticism and exoticism of East, as well as primitivity and otherness associated with barbarianism and uncivilization. Consequently, people with tattoos were differentiated as 'others' from western 'subjects,' and became signifier of mysterious and unknown East. Tattoo of non-westerners was regarded as having images related to barbarious custom, never-changing nature, uneducated and uncivilized people, and femininity as 'others.' Moreover, Tattoo as an exotic signifier from the viewpoint of western imperial discourse, came into the western society to become symbols for exoticism and otherness.
Chapter V discusses the historical development of Tattoo in the modern society and 'otherness' of Tattooed body reflecting social and cultural understanding of it. Modern forms of Tattoo developed along with the prosperity of circus industry blooming over the late 19th to the early 20th century, drawing people's attention with exotic and adventurous tales of circus. Tattoo consumers appeared as labor-class young men, sailors, soldiers, and marginalized outsiders, and this led to the aversion of the mainstream middle-class people on Tattoo itself which was defined as an act of social deviancy by them.
1960s was called 'Tattoo Renaissance' which brought about a lot of changes in materials and techniques by neo-tattooists. Owing to the cooperation and solidarities with school system which supported and officialized Tattoo-related qualifying tests, exhibitions and competitions, and especially to some fine art trends like Concept Art and Dadaism, Tattoo as a body art was finally accepted as a form of Fine Art.
Despite this, tattooing still means to posit tattooed body in the arena of social debates in which long history of body, stigma, history of tattoo as exoticism, and power structure between subjects and others are all at the intersection. And it is also affected by the reception of others who want to categorize tattooing as 'unique.' Though Tattoo can be called a product of personal tastes of people who wish to differentiate themselves from others, and might bring opposition against cultural regulations, and liberation of body, tattooed people are likely to be alienated from mainstream society and economy. In other words, Tattoo can be compared to a dialect in a specific society which cannot be used as a communicative language in the mainstream culture. In this sense, tattooing means being an outsider, and a way of isolating himself or herself away from the mainstream society.
'Grotesque' embodied in Tattoo as images of heterogeneity, primitivity, bisexuality, unfamiliarity, bizarreness, horror, and uncleanness has impact and power to make a cleavage on aesthetic conventions. Tattooing challenges conventional ideas of maternity and femininity, creates confusion on gender concepts, reveals female sexuality, disrupts traditional womanhood, and attempts to lead sexual and political movements for cultural minorities like homosexualism and racism. Besides, tattooing enables its customers to have individual and open aesthetic experiences, not spirit-centered hierarchical aesthetics. Discussion on 'otherness' is a discussion on human rights, and also on concerns for outsiders.
The significance of the present study can be summarized as followings. First, this study is the first attempt to illuminate Tattoo from aesthetic perspective against the traditional discussions on Tattoo which put it in the category of the performative plastic arts. Thus, this study functions as stepping stone to start a systematic tattoo studies, and suggests a new possibility of expanding artistic and aesthetic boundaries.
Second, this study broadens the horizon of attention and deepens understanding on minority culture by taking long-forbidden topic of 'otherness' as its subject. Understanding of minority culture is related with ethical concerns on others, and deconstructs subject-centric hierarchical aesthetics. Disruption of identical subjects can lead to a new creation of artistic subjects who enjoy pleasure and freedom.
Third, this study narrows the width of the negative and prejudicial concepts on Tattoo by presenting the fact that the 'otherness' of tattoo is not intrinsic but a creation from power structure between subjects and others. This will eventually make people view tattoo as an art, not as a symbol of deviation, disgrace and stigma.