배경음악 유형이 유아의 그림표현과 정서능력에 미치는 영향 = Influence of background musics on children's drawing & emotional abilities

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study I had young children listen to three types of background music(i.e. children's songs, classical music, and rock music) and asked them to draw pictures that allow them to express what they felt. Next, by analyzing their drawings, I examined the influence of different background music types on their creativity and emotional competency.

I selected 80 5-year-old children from S kindergarten in Seoul. The kids were divided into four groups of 20 kids each: the group given no music, the classical group, the rock group, and the children's songs group. The research questions are set as described below for examining the influences of music types on the creativity and emotional competency of young children.

1. What influences do different types of background music have on creative visual expression of young children?
1-1. What influences do different types of background music have on the level of representation of young children's drawings?
1-2. What influences do different types of background music have on the level of exploration of young children's drawings?
1-3. What influences do different types of background music have on the level of artistry of young children's drawings?
2. What influences do different types of background music have on the emotional competency of young children?
2-1. What influences do different types of background music have on the self-awareness of young children?
2-2. What influences do different types of background music have on the emotion management of young children?
2-3. What influences do different types of background music have on the young children's awareness of their peers' emotions?
2-4. What influences do different types of background music have on the ability of young children to deal with their peers' emotions?
2-5. What influences do different types of background music have on the ability of young children's self-motivation?

The creative visual expression of young children by music type was analyzed using Project Spectrum (Krechevsky, 1994), the artistic evaluation criteria of visual arts field developed on the basis of the theories of Gardner and Feldman. The emotional ability of the young children by music type was analyzed by the test tool supplemented by Lee Byoung-Rae (1998) on the basis of the emotional ability test by Salovey and Mayer (1996).

The analysis results drew the following conclusions.

First, classical music had a beneficial effect on the level of exploration of the children's drawings.
Second, the children's self-awareness and awareness of their peers' emotions, which were among the sub-elements of emotional competency of young children, were significantly improved when the children were allowed to hear classical music as compared with when they were subjected to listen to rock music, to children's songs, or to no music at all.
Third, the ability of young children to motivate themselves, among the sub-elements of emotional competency of toddlers, showed a significant improvement when they were subjected to hear children's songs as compared with when they listened to rock or classical music, or to no music at all.

On the basis of the results above, this study suggests the followings:
First, this study was limited by controlling only average scores of creative visual expression and emotional ability of young children and by a small number of targets. Thus, it is recommended to increase the number of targets to expand and develop the results and carry out follow-up researches to compare the results by extending the testing period.
Second, it should be meaningful to compare the results of this study with future studies that may include, if possible, the traditional music of Korea as an ambient music.
Third, it is necessary to develop more sophisticated test tools for analysis of the drawings of young children. I could only do 1st to 3rd level of quantitative analysis.
Fourth, music-oriented programs should be developed for various applications, such as activities integrated in the educational system to improve the emotional development or creative visual expression of young children.

Thus, I'd like to note the followings:
First, Music, like language, is instrumental in encouraging children to express their emotions, feelings, thoughts, and senses. So, it is recommended for the educational field for kids to select and use children's songs and classical music suitable for the emotional development of young children.
Second, while it was found that classical music had positive effects on improving the emotional development or creative visual expression of young children, less complex classical music that kids can easily understand or assimilate should be prudently selected. For instance, unsuitable classical music caused the young children in this study to express their emotional confusion by drawing negative images such as ghosts.
Third, nowadays, kids have frequent access to rock music with fast tempo and strong beats. It was analyzed that rock was not helpful for improving the emotional development or creative visual expression of young children. Consequently, more prudent actions in terms of educational adjustments are required when kids have access to rock music.
Fourth, it is recommendable to use children's songs in education practices since they are likely to have beneficial effects on children's self-motivation as shown in this study.
Fifth, when selecting background musics for education practices, teachers are required to have more considerations regarding their genres and musical characteristics. The misconception of "anything will do" should be avoided.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 유아들에게 세 종류의 음악을 들려주고, 유아들의 정서가 자연스럽게 표출될 수 있는 그림을 그리게 한 후, 그 그림을 분석하여 배경음악 유형이 유아의 그림표현과 정서발달에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았다.
서울시에 소재한 S 어린이집의 만 5세 유아 80명으로, 각 집단에 20명의 유아들을 네 집단으로 나누어 음악을 들려주지 않고 그림을 그리게 한 집단과 동요, 락, 클래식 등 각기 다른 세 종류의 배경음악을 들려주면서 그림을 그리고 각 집단별로 유아들의 그림을 분석 하였다. 집단에 따라 유아의 그림표현과 정서능력이 어떻게 달라지는지를 살펴보고자 다음과 같은 연구 문제를 설정하였다.

1. 유아 그림은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
1-1. 유아 그림의 표상수준은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
1-2. 유아 그림의 탐색수준은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
1-3. 유아 그림의 예술성수준은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?

2. 유아의 정서능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
2-1. 유아의 자기정서인식 능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
2-2. 유아의 자기정서조절 능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
2-3. 유아의 타인정서인식 능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?
2-4. 유아의 타인정서조절 능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가? 2-5. 유아의 자기 동기화 능력은 배경음악에 따라 차이가 있는가?

유아의 그림은 Gardner와 Feldman의 이론에 근거하여 개발된 Project Spectrum (Krechevsky, 1994)의 시각예술 부분의 미술 평가기준을 사용하여 분석하였고, 정서능력은 Salovey와 Mayer(1996)의 정서능력 이론을 기초로 하여 이병래(1997)가 수정 보완한 검사 도구를 사용하여 측정하였다.

본 연구의 자료 분석 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 결론을 내릴 수 있었다.

첫째, 배경?

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 국문요약·········································Ⅴ
• Ⅰ. 서론··········································1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적········································ 1
• 2. 연구 문제································································5
• 3. 용어 정의································································6
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경·································8
• 1. 유아의 음악 감상과 정서 ·································· 8
• 1) 음악과 정서 ·························································8
• 2) 유아의 음악 감상과 정서································· 14
• 2. 유아의 음악 감상과 그림표현 ····