This study has researched the standpoint of Joseon dynasty's governing class that was divided to the parties of pacifist and dissenter related to Cheong dynasty to cope with the situation of the historically important turning point from Myeong dynasty...
This study has researched the standpoint of Joseon dynasty's governing class that was divided to the parties of pacifist and dissenter related to Cheong dynasty to cope with the situation of the historically important turning point from Myeong dynasty to Cheong dynasty.
The first forces that raised restoration of Injo opposing to the neutral policy toward post-Geum and the soiled policy by Gwanghae Gun and the north force in 1623 were of Injo's royal family, Kim based force, and Lee gwi based force. The restoration force advocated the policy of closing Myeong and rejecting Geum at the period of post- Geum for its justification but in the respect of real management they did not take severe rejective attitude to Geum. Because after the restoration there were many problems including revolt of Lee Gwal so the Injo government was busy in handling inner problem but the post Geum occupied Yodong owing to its military growth. In that situation they could not but cope with it by negativism foreign policy according to post-Geum.
On the other hand in post-Geum there was Jeongmyo Manchu war resulting from inner factors like as establishing personal dictatorship of Whang Taegeuk, the political situation of embracement and conciliation for Han people, the economical factor to cope with the severe famine, and the crisis atmosphere from the existence of the great general Mo munryong. Therefore post-Geum wanted to control Joseon and Myeong through peace policy rather choosing military force from the first.
So the leaders of Injo admistration like as Lee gwi and Choi Myeonggil stressed peace policy as they realized that the nation was not ready for the war because there was inner difficulty from several disaster and loss of land after Imjin Japanese invasion. But most of officials and Confucian stressed rejecting post-Geum because they thought if they had not fight against the post-Geum, they would have required much more, and they had the view of traditional theory of justification and loyalty. These different issues of peace policy and rejection policy were come from the different view of reality in coping strategy based on the justification that was the right theory at the same time right principle. At last Jeongmyo Manchu war was concluded in reconciliation with the consideration of real circumstance. This was accomplished by the post-Geum's complacency in solving economic problem among the crisis atmosphere of behind force and Injo administration's keeping basic policy of submission relationship with Myeong by consideration of difficult situation of the early restoration.
But after Jeongmyo Manchu war post-Geum gradually required unreasonably through the issues like as the repatriation of prisoners, commencement, and lost manner. Afterward Cheong became strong in military and policy, at last it raised Byeongja Manchu war with apparent challenge to 'China centered world's order'. Most of the governing class of Joseon rejected straightly to the request of Cheong which was wrong to the principle of royalty to Myeong, but in the way of fight in Namhan mountain fortress there came out the issue of peace owing to the inferior military and after that the issue of peace policy and rejection policy became pitted severly against each other. On the request of submission by Cheong, the leaders of the administration suggested admission because they worried about the loss of national power by the fires of war.
But in the way of this the party of rejection policy based on the traditional justification opposed severly and also the majority stood for the issue of rejection which was in the superior position. However the leaders of the nation who suggested the peace policy did not mean to exterminate the justification, the Sung Confucianism order, but to come over the crisis, strengthen the power, and then stress the justification, and this was come form the consideration of real status situation. Eventually the submission relationship with Cheong has established. After the oath under the fortress, the relationship between Joseon and Cheong has changed to extraction which was different from the relationship with Myeong, they had pertained honor attitude. However after intrusion of Cheong into administration the political and economical oppression policy became loosen and the relationship also gradually changed. Injo administration made actual profit through the relationship of tributary state, and got Joseon centered policy and established awareness of self respect through cultural superiority. Especially the king, Injo and the leaders of the nation operated foreign policy built on the actual situation of peace theory on the base of justification to keep the system. From then on with the appearance of the school of North study, the cultural integration of Cheong and Myeong was recognized and this actual issue of situation became the basement for the establishment of practical submission relationship with Cheong.