경북 동해안 방언의 성조 연구 = (A)study on the tonology of dialects on the eastern coast of Gyeongbuk

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this thesis is to describe comparatively the tonological systems of the Uljin, Yeongdeok, Pohang, and Gyeongju dialects on the eastern coast of Gyeongbuk province, and to establish generative tonology as a theoretical frame to describe Korean tone dialects.
The core concepts of generative tonology are cheukseong (marked tone) and tonemic patterns, and they are based on the following assumptions. First, there is no constraint on the combination of tones on the underlying level. However, when tones are combined to make a phonological word, the universal tone rules dominating these combinations decide a finite number of possible tonemic patterns in each dialect. When the tonemic patterns are realized phone-ti ally the pitch form realization rules of each dialect decide the surface pitch forms. The most important result of the study on generative tonology was the discovery of universal tone neutralization rules and pitch form realization rules that dominate the whole Korean tone dialects.
Identifying tonemes, which have a distinctive function phonologically, and establishing a tonemic system are the starting points for tone description. Since the tones have inherently relative pitch, comparing tonemic patterns of one-syllable words has the high possibility of analyzing contrastive tonemes incorrectly. Therefore, the most desirable way to analyze tones is to use a substitution frame applicable to every dialect. The common substitution frames generally used to obtain the underlying tonemic pattern of stem are monosyllabic particle or ending with fixed tones which is combined with this stem.
Tones are symbolized as follows: H (high tone), L (low tone), _(L) (lower tone), R (rising tone), H¨ (high and long tone), and L (low and long tone). The representation of both phoneme and tone is described with side-dot theory used in the middle Korean literatures. Tones of dialects corresponding to the middle Korean geoseong are represented as single dot in the left side of the syllable (e.g. /·말, mal/ unit), and tones corresponding to sangseong as double dots (e.g. /:말, mal/ speech), and tones corresponding to pyeongseong as no dots (e.g. /말, mal/ horse).
A phonological word is a unit of tone description. A tonemic pattern is a phonological word composed of combination of tonemes. A surface pitch form is phonetic realization of a tonemic pattern. The phonological process of 'underlying tonemic pattern ― (tonological rules) → surface tonemic pattern ― (pitch form realization rules) → surface pitch form' is assumed.
Dialects on the eastern coast of Gyeongbuk have two-level and three- tone system. Uljin, Yeongdeok, and Pohang dialects have /H, L, H¨/, Gyeongju dialect have /H, L, L /. In Gyeongju dialect, /H₁L^(n)/ (more than one high tone followed by n low tones), /L₁/ (the tonemic pattern of which the first syllable is low tone) and /L₁/ (the tonemic pattern of which the first syllable is low and long tone) can be described as tonemic patterns. In the remaining three dialects, /H₁L^(n)/, /L₁/, and /H¨₁/ (the tonemic pattern of which the first syllable is high and long tone)' can be described as tonemic patterns.
The four dialects have two side-dot neutralization rules in common. One is '{□, :□}→·□/{:□, ·□}__' and the other is ':□→·□/□__'. This side-dot representations are translated with tonemic ones. And they have three pitch form realization rules. Two rules, '/H₂L^(n)/→[L₁HL^(n)]' and '/L₂/→[HHL0] (/L^(₂)/→[LL], if it is not information focus)', are applied to all dialects, while '/L₂/→[HHL_(0)] (/L^(₂)/→ [LL], if it is not information focus)' is applied to the only Gyeongju dialect, and '/H₂/→[HL₁]' is applied to the remaining three dialects.
An important tone sandhi, I have to mention here, is changing cheuksoung patterns into pyeongseong patterns when some tonemic patterns combined with another tonemic pattern. First, if the first tone of the second constituent of compound nouns is pyeongseong, the tonemic pattern of the first constituent is changed into the pyeongseong pattern. However, there are some examples in which the first constituent is changed into pyeongseong pattern, though the first tone of the second constituent is not pyeongseong. Second, all verb stems are changed into pyeongseong patterns before causative and passive suffixes.
Third, when the negative adverb '안(øan)' combines with inflected forms of verbs to make verb phrases, they have progressive pyeongseong assimilation. As this phrase consists of more than three syllables, the last syllable is realized as low tone. These phenomena happen actively in Yeongdeok and Gyeongju dialects. Fourth, inflection forms are changed into pyeongseong morphophonemically. When monosyllabic geoseong nouns before the particle '-·에 X(-øeX)', they are changed into pyeongseong. When monosyllabic sangseong verbs combine with the ending '-·어/·아X(-ø?/øaX), -·으X(-ø?X)', they are changed into pyeongseong.
Pyeongseong verb stems of CV form combine with the endings '-거X(-g? X), -·네(-ne), -·나(-na), -니X(-niX), -는X(-n?nX), -다·가(-daga), -더X(-d?X), - 든X(-d?nX), -·어/·아X(-ø?/øaX), -·으·시X(-ø?siX)', they are changed into geoseong. When they combine with the ending '-·어/·아X(-ø?/øaX)', the two tones are reduced to sangseong. But all the verbs above mentioned do not show the same behaviors. These verbs are grouped into three or five classes depending on the characteristics of tone sandhi of each verb and each dialect. On the other hand, when the first person pronouns combine with a particle, the tone of the pronouns irregularly changes according to the dialect.
When two tonemic units combine to make a tonemic phrase with open juncture between them, pitch forms with over three consecutive high tones can be manifested. Examples are /·꾀^(#)·부·린·다, k'wε^(#)burinda/ [H^(#)HHL], 'shirk' and /· 맛^(#)·들·인·다, mat?^(#)d?rinda/ [H^(#)HHL], 'get a taste for'. The surface pitch forms of phonological words with an information focus in a sentence are strengthened, but those without an information focus are weakened. The weakening of the surface pitch forms means that the whole surface pitch form of the phonological word is maintained but the relative pitch range is reduced significantly. In some examples there is 'expressive lengthening,' in which one syllable/vowel of a phonological word is pronounced very long to express delicate and emotional condition or degree of feeling.
When the four dialects on the eastern coast of Gyeongbuk are compared, Yeongdeok, Pohang, and Gyeongju dialects are similar to each other while Uljin dialect is very different in the tonemic pattern of the words. It is very unique for the negative adverb '안(øan)' of the Uljin dialect to be realized as a sangseong pattern. These dialects have almost the same changes into pyeongseong patterns or geoseong patterns in tone combination as other dialects.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 차례
• 제1장 서론 = 1
• 1.1. 연구 목적 = 1
• 1.2. 선행 연구 개관 = 4
• 1.3. 경북 동해안 방언의 음운체계와 그 표기 = 8
• 1.3.1. 지리적 위치 = 8
• 1.3.2. 음운체계와 그 표기 = 9
• 1.3.3. 조사 일정 및 제보자 = 10
• 1.4. 연구 내용 = 11
• 제2장 성조 기술 방법 = 13
• 2.1. 성조소 확인 = 13
• 2.2. 높낮이의 음운론적 기준 = 17
• 2.3. 성조 표기법 = 27
• 2.3.1. 성조의 음성 표상 = 28
• 2.3.2. 성조의 음운 표상 = 31
• 2.3.3. 방점법의 표기 원리 = 33
• 2.4. 성조 기술의 단위 = 35
• 2.5. 성조 기술의 층위 = 37
• 2.5.1. 액센트 층위와 성조 층위 = 37
• 2.5.2. 기저성조와 표면성조 층위 = 41
• 2.5.3. 기저성조와 표면성조 층위, 음조 층위 = 48
• 제3장 성조체계와 성조 결합 = 51
• 3.1. 성조체계 = 51
• 3.2. 1음절어의 음조형 = 53
• 3.3. 성조 결합과 음조 실현 = 58
• 3.3.1. 거성 연쇄 = 58
• 3.3.2. 거성에 평성이나 상성이 뒤따르는 경우 = 59
• 3.3.3. 상성 연쇄 = 63
• 3.3.4. 상성에 평성이나 거성이 뒤따르는 경우 = 64
• 3.3.5. 평성 연쇄 = 66
• 3.3.6. 평성에 거성이나 상성이 뒤따르는 경우 = 67
• 3.4. 성조 규칙과 음조 규칙 = 69
• 3.5. 네 방언간 성조형 대응 = 71
• 3.6. 중세국어와 네 방언간 성조형 대응 = 77
• 제4장 성조 변동 = 86
• 4.1. 평성형화 = 86
• 4.1.1. 복합명사 첫 성분의 평성형화 = 86
• 4.1.2. 파생동사 어간의 평성형화 = 95
• 4.1.3. 동사구의 순행 평성 동화 = 97
• 4.1.4. 어간의 형태음운론적 평성형화 = 102
• 4.2. 거성형화 = 104
• 4.3. 굴절의 음운 변동과 성조 변동 = 106
• 4.4. 인칭대명사의 성조 변동 = 108
• 4.5. 문법형태소의 성조 = 110
• 4.5.1. 조사의 성조 = 111
• 4.5.2. 어미의 성조 = 111
• 제5장 운율구와 문장의 성조 = 117
• 5.1. 개방연접과 운율구 = 117
• 5.2. 문장의 성조 = 123
• 5.2.1. 음조형의 강화와 약화 = 123
• 5.2.2. 표현적 장음화 = 125
• 5.2.3. 의문문의 성조 = 125
• 제6장 결론 = 129
• 참고문헌 = 133
• ABSTRACT = 138
• 부록 자료편 = 143