국어 동사의 상(相)에 대한 연구 = (A)study on aspect of the Korean verb

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study explains not only the conditioned situation of the grammatical category in terms of verbal original aspects but also a sort of grammaticalization process, that aspect expressions are derived into several grammatical categories, on the basis of the existing aspect studies. The existing studies of aspect have just focused on the aspectual meanings in auxiliary verb compositions, but this study tells that the verbal aspectual relations in the formations of a derivative verb and compound verb, and also shows that the verbal aspect is closely related to the grammatical person conditions and other combined conditions of ‘-neu-’ and ‘-deo-’.
Summaries of the contents discussed so far are below.
(1) After investigations about the validity of verbal aspectual features which many investigators have been researched, [±preliminary] character and [±perfect lasting] character are seemed not to be set for explaining the grammatical phenomenon related to a aspect.
(2) Aspectual features can be very useful to find the existence of a multi-meaning verbs. Moreover, it is very useful to find out the principle of derivation by the aspectual meaning.
(3) ‘V1’ and ‘V2’ of both ‘V1 eo V2’ form and ‘V1 go V2’ form should be compounded with the same aspectual features to form a compound verbs. Compound verbs are the things that aspectual features are the same and vocabularial meanings are derivative or contrary to each other, so the differences of aspectual meanings in combinative conditions of ‘V1’ and ‘V2’ are not shown clearly.
However, auxiliary verb compositions are happened when the aspectual features of two verbs that they are close to each other in terms of selection-conditioned relations are same or opposite.
(4) ‘-Eoss-’ is being used as a form of complete aspect or past tense after a sort of grammaticalization of an aspectual form in Middle Korean before. That is, it was appeared by that ‘-eo is-’ of Middle Korean became grammaticalized to ‘-eos-’ in 17th century through ‘-es-’. The establishment of ‘-eos-’ in 17th century shows that an adjective is recognized differently from a verb. An adjective neither is continuous nor doesn't have changing feature. The meaning of ‘-eoss-’ being used in present Korean came from the meanings of ‘-eos-’ grammaticalized after 17th century.
Times
Meanings
Forms
17th century
‘perfective’(complete aspect)
‘-eos-’
‘past’(tense)
‘-eos-’
In addition, for understanding the meaning of today's ‘-eoss-’, revealing the ‘complete’ aspectual meaning and ‘past’ tense meaning is closely connected with selecting some parts from verbal aspectual features in speaker's brain.
(5) The meaning of ‘-eoss-eoss-’ that was suddenly appeared in 20th century off and on is found in relation to aspectual features of verbs and adjectives with the nature of the meaning of ‘-eos-’ grammaticalized after 17th century.
Forms
Meanings
verbal stem +
eoss1
‘completion’
eoss2
‘past’
adjective stem +
eoss
‘past’
(6) In this study, ‘-ge ha-yeos-’ is regarded as the origin of ‘-gess-’ and ‘-ge yeos -’ is the intermediate form. Therefore, the transformational process of ‘-gess-’ form is below,
-ge ha-yeos- > - ge yeos- > -ges- > -gess-
The meaning of ‘-gess-’ is derived from the original meaning, ‘prearrangement’, and it is appeared as many modality meanings like ‘intention’, ‘prediction’, ‘possibility’ and ‘ability’. Moreover, when ‘-gess-’ is appeared as ‘prearrangement’, it is closely related with an aspectual feature of a verb. The verb, it is combined with ‘-gess-’, must have [+inchoative, -inner active] aspectual features in order that ‘-gess-’ has a prearranging meaning.
(7) Situational elements which are conditioned in regard of a verbal aspectual feature are ‘-eo iss-’, ‘-go iss-’, aspectual elements like a complete ‘-eoss-’, grammatical persons, auxiliary verb compositions, derivative verbs, compound verbs and so forth.
First, ‘V1’ needs [+perfective] aspectual features for ‘-eo iss-’ to be combined, because '-eo iss-‘ has the continuance meaning of ’completion‘.
Second, a complete ‘-eoss-’ has the condition that it is not combined with an adjective. ‘Completion’ aspectual meaning cannot be found in an adjective because the movement or change of [-inchoative] an adjective cannot be externally observed.
Third, the auxiliary verb composition like ‘V1 eo V2’ form combines two verbs which have identical aspectual features, ‘V1 go V2’ form combines two that have oppositional aspectual features.
Fourth, Some conditions should be satisfied in order that specific derivative suffixes combine with verbs. Every verb that derivative suffixes combine with needs specific aspectual features. ‘Aspect non-conversion suffixes’ as well as ‘aspect conversion suffixes’ combine with some specific verbs.
Fifth, ‘V1 eo V2’ form and ‘V1 go V2’ form of compound verbs have the same verb aspects, but they have just oppositional vocabularial meanings. That is, the oppositional things by ‘-eo-’ and ‘-go-’ in compound verbs are not aspectual meanings. It means that ‘V1’ and ‘V2’ should be combined to each other with the same aspectual features for compound verbs.
(8) All sentences that we express are consisted of the situational elements which express situational meanings and the modality elements which express speaker's recognition about the situational meanings by specific methods or attitudes. So, there are some conditions for combination of modality elements in regard of a verb aspect. Such conditions are a recognition-time condition that is related to the combination of ‘-neu-’ and ‘-deo-’, a ‘-gess-’ condition and an intention condition.
First, a modality element ‘-neu-’ is used in the situation of [-perfective] or [+inchoative], because it shows the present recognition-time. [-perfective] and [+inchoative] situation are the one that is significant to recognize at the moment of speaking.
Second, even though a modality element ‘-deo-’ indicates that the time of recognition is earlier than the moment of speaking, it does not distinguish the existence of [+perfective] from objective situations. This is because ‘-eoss-’ was appeared as a grammatical form after 17th century, that conducted the role of the distinction. Therefore, even if ‘-deo-’ is being using to indicate the recognition at past in Present Korean, the existence of ‘-eoss-’ distinguishes whether the situation is perfective(or past) or not.
Third, a predictive ‘-gess-’ as a most widely appearing modality element in Present Korean is used in most cases that combined words doesn't have [+inchoative, -inner active].
Fourth, to be an imperative sentence, a subject should be the second person and at least, a verb that it has [+inchoative, -inner active] aspectual feature should be used as a predicate.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 차례
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구사 = 2
• 3. 연구 내용 = 4
• Ⅱ. 국어 동사의 상 = 8
• 1. 상과 상적 특성 = 9
• 2. 상적 특성과 동사의 유형 = 10
• 2.1. [±순간성] 계열 = 14
• 2.2. [±기동성] 계열 = 14
• 2.3. [±종결성] 계열 = 15
• 2.4. [±결과성] 계열 = 17
• 2.5. [±예비성] 계열 = 20
• 2.6. [±과정성] 계열 = 23
• 2.7. [±내재성] 계열 = 24
• 3. 상적 특성과 동사의 다의어 = 28
• Ⅲ. 동사 형성과 상적 특성 = 35
• 1. 동사의 파생 = 35
• 2. 동사의 복합 = 43
• 2.1. 상적 특성과 복합동사 = 44
• 2.2. 상적 특성과 조동사 구성 = 49
• Ⅳ. 동사 상의 문법화 = 55
• 1. 상과 시제의 문법화 = 55
• 1.1. ‘-었-’의 형성과정 = 56
• 1.2. ‘-었-’의 의미 = 62
• 1.3. ‘-었1었2-’의 의미 = 72
• 2. 상과 양태의 문법화 = 84
• 2.1. ‘-겠-’의 형성과정 = 84
• 2.2. ‘-겠-’의 의미 = 92
• Ⅴ. 상적 특성과 문법 현상 = 104
• 1. 상황 제약 = 105
• 1.1 ‘-었-’ 제약 = 106
• 1.2. 인칭 제약 = 108
• 1.3. 조동사 제약 = 111
• 1.4. 파생 동사 제약 = 113
• 1.5. 복합 동사 제약 = 116
• 2. 양태 제약 = 118
• 2.1. 인식시 제약 = 120
• 2.2. ‘-겠-’ 제약 = 126
• 2.3. 의향법 제약 = 127
• Ⅵ. 결론 = 129
• 참고문헌 = 133