This paper focuses on how culture can be treated as an explanatory variable in cross-cultural pragmatic studies by dealing with apologetic acts in the context of conversation in daily life. The main argument of this research is that Koreans and Americ...
This paper focuses on how culture can be treated as an explanatory variable in cross-cultural pragmatic studies by dealing with apologetic acts in the context of conversation in daily life. The main argument of this research is that Koreans and Americans tend to use different apologetic acts, and their different cultures support the differences. The argument is illustrated by the data obtained through a survey on a questionnaire about Korean and American males' apologetic acts.
The apologetic acts here include the verbal act and the material act which are following a term of Liebersohn and his colleagues (2004). The verbal act is again divided into the direct apologetic speech and the indirect apologetic speech.
I found that American males tend to use the direct verbal expression as an apologetic act such as "I am sorry" in the given contexts. They seem to use the direct verbal expression more easily to families, friends and younger people than to bosses. The closer relationship they have, the more various and active apologetic action they use, e.g. using both a verbal act and a material act to make up for one's mistake. They tend to use direct verbal apologetic speech more than other apologetic acts when they made a face-threatening act, 'making mistakes' in this study in order to repair their reputation or image and ask forgiveness
On the other hand, Korean males tend to use the indirect verbal expression--explaining the reason--as a apologetic speech act in the given contexts. They are not willing to use a direct verbal expression such as mian hamnida ( I'm sorry) for many cases. The tendency appeared significant when they apologized to their families and subordinates. They cannot expect that the direct apologetic speech would repair a face-threatening act in the cases. That is, acknowledging themselves to make mistakes in front of their subordinates might threaten their honor as being elder. So, they seem to use the indirect apologetic speech instead. The results imply that Korean males do not consider the direct apologetic speech (at least, to their spouses and subordinates) to have the effect of repairing their reputation though it works on asking for forgiveness. However, Korean males use direct verbal apology to their superiors more actively than American males do. The tendency of Korean males seems to come from the cultural basis of the Confucian society.