대학생의 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동에 따른 진로유형화와 심리적 변인과의 관계

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 우리나라 대학생들의 진로유형을 알아보기 위하여 그 기초작업으로 인구학적 변인에 따른 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동수준의 차이를 살펴보았다. 또한 진로결정수준 및 진로준비행동수준을 기준으로 한 유형분류에서 그 타입(진로결정수준과 진로준비행동수준 모두 높은 집단, 진로결정수준은 높으나 진로준비행동수준은 낮은 집단, 진로결정수준은 낮으나 진로준비행동은 높은 집단, 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동수준 모두 낮은 집단)분포들이 인구학적 변인에 따라 어떻게 나타나는지 알아보고, 각 타입들이 특성불안, 통제소재, 진로의사결정자기효능감의 심리적 변인에 있어 어떤 특성들을 보이는지 살펴봄으로써 차별적 진단과 처치를 위한 접근을 시도하였다.
이를 위해 본 연구에서는 서울과 경기지역 5개학교 497명의 대학생들을 대상으로 Career Decision Scale, 김봉환이 제작한 진로준비행동검사, Trait Anxiety Inventory, Internal-External Control Scale, Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy의 도구를 사용하여 자료분석을 하였으며 위의 연구문제 성격에 따라서 SPSS PC+을 이용하여, F검증, 교차분석(crosstabs), Scheefe검증, 빈도분석과 백분율산출 등과 같은 다양한 통계기법을 사용하였다.
연구결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫째, 본 연구에서 진로결정수준은 전공과 소득수준 변인과 유의미한 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전공에 따른 차이를 살펴 본 결과에 의하면 사범계열이나 약학계열, 예체능계열의 경우와 같이 일차적으로나마 진로가 결정되어 있는 계열이 비교적 높은 결정수준을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 소득수준에 있어서는 소득수준이 높을수록 진로결정수준이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 진로준비행동수준은 성, 학년, 전공, 부모의 교육수준, 소득수준의 모든 변인에 있어 차이가 나타났다. 우선 성에 따른 진로준비행동 측정치에서는 여학생이 더 높은 수준을 보였으며, 학년별 차이에 있어서는 학년이 높을수록 진로준비행동수준이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한 각 전공별로 차이를 살펴본 결과에 있어서는 예체능계열과 약학계열의 경우는 진로결정과 진로준비행동 모두 높게 나타났으나, 반면에 사범계열은 진로결정수준은 높았지만 진로준비행동은 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 다음으로, 부모의 교육수준과 소득수준에 따른 진로준비행동의 차이에 있어서는 교육수준이 높을수록, 소득수준이 높을수록 진로준비행동수준이 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 진로발달 유형의 분포를 알아 본 결과 우선 전체적인 타입분포 정도를 살펴보면 진로결정수준은 높으나 진로준비행동은 활발히 이루어지고 있지 못한 '확신이 없는 집단'은 43.9%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동이 모두 낮은 '진로무관심 집단'은 33.2%로 두 번째로 높게 나타났다. 한편 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동이 모두 높은 '이상적 집단'은 19.5%에 불과했으며, 진로결정수준은 낮으나 준비행동만 활발한 '불안정한 집단'은 3.4%로서 극미한 분포를 보였다. 이는 대학생의 대부분이 진로결정수준은 높으나 이를 실천하는 과정의 구체적인 준비행동이 매우 낮은 수준에서 행해지고 있다는 점을 시사해 주는 것이라고 본다.다음으로 학년별로 자세히 살펴본 결과, 대체적으로 학년이 높을수록 자신의 진로에 대해서 명확한 의식을 갖고 있으며 구체적인 진로준비행동도 활발함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 전공에 따른 타입분포의 차이여부를 알아본 결과, 예체능계열과 약학계열이 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동 수준이 모두 높은 이상적인 집단에 많이 분포되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 진로유형화된 '이상적 집단', '확신이 없는 집단', '불안정한 집단', '진로무관심 집단'들과 특성불안, 통제소재, 진로의사결정효능감등 심리적 변인과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 특성불안에 있어서는 진로결정과 준비도가 높을수록 불안정도가 낮게 나타났으며, 통제소재에 있어서는 진로결정과 준비도가 높을수록 내적통제성을 보였다. 진로의사결정효능감에 있어서는 진로결정과 준비도가 높을수록 효능감 정도가 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 진로상담전략에 중요한 정보를 제공한다고 보겠다.
이러한 연구결과들을 통해서 본 연구는 첫째, 진로상담현장에서 각 전공의 특성에 따라 그들의 진로결정수준 및 진로준비행동 특성의 진단과 처치를 위한 기초연구에 기여하고자 하였다. 둘째, 진로관련 연구의 문제점을 인식하여 우리나라 대학생의 진로결정수준의 각성과 진로준비행동의 실천적 차원의 중요성을 제안코자 하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In order to examine the Korean university students' career decision types, this study has the purpose to examine the differences between career decision levels and the career preparation behaviors, as a fundamental step for the studies on career decision making. In addition, in sorting the types with the career decision levels and the career preparation behaviors-(a group showing the highest level of the both career decision making and career preparation behaviors, a group showing high level of career decision making and low level of career preparation behaviors, a group showing low level of career decision making and high level of career preparation behaviors, and a group showing the lowest level of the both career decision making and career preparation behaviors), this study attempts to get an access to the gradual examinations and the managements for the types by examining the distribution of the types through the factors from the social and economical status of individuals and then what features the types show in the psychological factors of trait anxiety, locus of control, career decision making self-efficacy.
The subjects of this study are the 497 university students in Seoul and Kyunggi district, who are analyzed with career decision scale, test for career prereparation behaviors made by Kim Bong-whan, trait anxiety inventory, internal-external control scale, career decision making self-efficacy. And according to the patterns of the examinations, various statistic methods are used such as F-verification, crosstabs, Scheefe verification, frequency verification and percentage through SPSS PC+. The results of the examination are as follows. First, the career decision levels have meaningful relations with the factors of their majors and income levels. In the examination of the differences of their majors, relatively higher level of the decision appears among the students who have made a decision of their careers roughly, just as the students majoring in educations, pharmacy and the arts and gymnastic studies. Also, in the examination of the income levels, the higher the income levels go, the higher the career decision levels get. Second, in the examination of the career preparation behaviors, there are differences in every factors-gender, grades in a school, majors, the school career of their parents and the income levels. Firstly, in the examination of the measuring degrees of the career preparation behaviors according to gender, the female students show higher degrees, and in the grades in a school, the higher grade the students are, the higher degrees of the career preparation behaviors the students show. In the differences from the majors, the groups showing the higher level of career decision making show the higher level of career preparation behaviors. Remarkably, the students majoring in educations show relatively higher level of career decision making but show low level of the career preparation behaviors, while the students majoring in pharmacy or the arts and gymnastic studies show the higher level of both the career decision making and the career preparation behaviors. This situation may be caused by the practical difficulties such as the teacher employment examination. Next, in the differences of the career preparation behaviors according to the school careers of their parents and the income levels, the higher the school careers appear, the higher the career preparation behaviors go. Third, in the examination of the distributions in the types of the development for the career decision making, the group with distrust for the careers in the future show the highest figure(43.9%), which have high degree of the career decision levesl but do not prepare the career decision vigorously, and the next, the group with low degrees of the career decision making and the career preparation behaviors shows the second-highest figure(33.2%). On the other hand, only 19.5% of all students shows the high degrees of the both career decision levels and the career preparation behaviors, and the group with low degree of the career preparation behaviors but only with vigorous career preparation behaviors shows very little figure(3.4%). This shows that almost all the students have high degrees of the career decision levels but do not prepare the career decision making with practical activities.
Next, in the examination according to their grades in a school, by and large, the higher their grades are, the clearer understandings for the careers in the future they have. Additionally in the examination of the differences in the distribution of the career decision making according to their majors, the students majoring in pharmacy and the arts and gymnastic studies show the high level of the both career decision making and career preparation behaviors, which is a desirable and ideal type for the students. Fourth, in the examination of whether the patterned groups have distinctive properties with the standard of the psychological factors(trait anxiety, locus of control and career decision self-efficacy), as a distinctive property for the degrees of the career decision levels and the career preparation behaviors, the three factors play an important role and provide very important informations to the counseling strategy.
From the results of this study, the significance and previewing points are as follows. First, from now on, in the counseling parts for the career decicison making there should be gradual researches and treatments for the career decision making of a student according to the traits of his or her university by understanding a student's career decision level and the traits of his or her career preparation behavior. Thus, this study make an attempt to provide the information for the distinctive researches and treatments to the studies on career decision making by showing the existence of the differences in career decision making according to the traits of a university and the students' grades in the school. Second, this study intends to reveal not only the decision making levels but also the practical activities for the decision, by researching that there is no practical preparing activities for current career decision making in Korean university students' career decision with the recognition of the recent problems in the studies on career decision making.