This study starts with raising a question on "All women must become mothers,"rather a weird result induced by these day's low birth rate in Korea, where social discussions are just integrated into low childbirth-related crisis discourse. The fact that...
This study starts with raising a question on "All women must become mothers,"rather a weird result induced by these day's low birth rate in Korea, where social discussions are just integrated into low childbirth-related crisis discourse. The fact that a few ways discussed as childbirth fostering policies do not meet the reality at all distinctly shows insufficiency of those policies that rarely reflect women's experience and understandings.
The reason why the low childbirth discussions do not surpass a certain level and just remained untouched, I think, is Korea's adherence to men-centered patriarch. So, in this study, I want to look at low childbirth in question with a conception of "motherhood as institutions," a maternity ideology centered on patriarch. Hence this study, selected married women in their 20s and 30s with one child as objects, is composed of four large aspects: women's adaptation & conflicts to "motherhood as institution," their determination of low childbirth by means of negotiation to "motherhood as institution," and at last this study's suggestion to the low childbirth in question.
The result of this study is as follows.
First, the "motherhood as institution" has taken "becoming a mother" for granted under the pretext of women's biological function, downgrading accomplishments of mothering roles to one of social components in the name of "maternal instinct" and incessantly compelling women to devote themselves in following good mothering models. With unconsciously internalizing "motherhood as institution," consequently, women conform to the concept. Women have perceived a notion that they'd become mothers through marriages and becoming mothers be a natural course they have to meet. So in most cases married women's selective rights on childbirth have been only confined to "when they give births." When they became mothers through childbirths, women are likely to internalize childcare and at this very moment they accept the caring as inevitable have-to-do or acquiesce in their spouses' passive fatherhood on account of rationalization. Likewise, women as caretakers, in most cases, show their efforts in becoming "more perfect mother" in terms of child's education, health, emotions and capital power.
Second, during the process of women's adaptation to "motherhood as institution," we could easily forebode certain conflicts underlying it. "Being a mother," obliged by "motherhood as institution," simplifies women's identities only to motherhood, triggering conflicts between identities women have. And if women go to work, they can't help experiencing internal conflicts between their carriers and childcare even though they undergo unwilling severance from their children or do their work with shouldering childcare simultaneously. Also the real contents "motherhood as institution" has compelled women are, in some cases, too exaggerated that women have to always experience alienation despite of their endeavors, rendering them to feel sorry or even guilty to their children. At last, "motherhood as institution" has arranged women's lives changeable to life cycle, delaying women's life schedules and sometimes placing them in despair.
Third, in the process of adaptation and conflicts, women penetrating the reality of "motherhood as institution," i.e "being a mother," face a whole new phase of selection and then design contracts of "giving birth only one child." At this moment, quite differing from their first birth, women's selection establishes more extending alternatives like "whether giving birth or not." Despite of the extension on women's selection, however, there are more problems women must settle out such as a deep-rooted notion of preferring a son to a daughter or an anxiety about only one child. And in their selection, women's desires for absorbing in one child are readable, focusing on their one child without dispersing their material & emotional resources to various potential children. The low childbirth phenomenon, a byproduct through contracts with "motherhood as institution," seems rather resistant against "motherhood as institution," in terms of minimizing maternal roles and shifting childbirth-related selection to individuals, but, at the same time, adaptive to "motherhood as institution," in terms of making women to do their best to live up to an ideal image of mother with dedicating themselves to a child. In other words low childbirth has ambivalent attributes.
Fourth, if pursuing the way where motherhood and childbirth policies go with bearing the three points above, we can find out a positive point from "motherhood as experience," not from "motherhood as institution" existing as a cause, I think. And I suggest that we must reform motherhood concept with generating affluent motherhood discourses and various mother images, instead of sticking to the existing monolithic mother image. Meanwhile women this study selected as objects have only hoped for the existing maternity protection policy to realize, rather than just wanting a whole new policy, and furthermore looked forward for their motherhood to stepping together with fatherhood in childcare. In accomplishing maternity policies, governments must pursue those in perspective of not encouraging women's childbirth but mitigating women's oppressed status compelled by "motherhood as institution," respecting and sponsoring diverse selection on childbirth.
This study covers "motherhood as institution" as standards spread onto societies, how women react as active subjects on childbirth and childcare, and consequently how their reaction affects the low childbirth. At the same time, with presenting low childbirth as a crisis discourse, this study reveal wrong the governmental intervention in women's lives from the scratch and indicates that the intervention is based on the patriarch. And this study wants to point out government's patriarchal feature and the feature's byproducts, "motherhood as institution," rendering current's low childbirth, zoom in the affectation as oppression to women, and at last demand for governments to rethink patriarchal low childbirth discourse and policies.