한국대학생의 진로결정 수준에 영향을 미치는 가족변인과 개인변인에 관한 연구 = (A)study on family variables and personal variables affecting the career decision level of Korean university students

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 후기 청소년기 대학생들의 진로결정 수준을 탐색하기 위하여 한국대학
생들을 대상으로 가족변인과 개인변인이 진로결정 수준에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지,
그리고, 성별에 따라 어떠한 다른 양상을 보이는지를 탐색하였다. 따라서 이러한 연
구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 첫째, 진로결정 수준, 가족변인 및 개인변인은 성별에
따라 차이가 있는가? 둘째, 가족변인과 개인변인(자아정체감 수준 - 성취, 유예, 조
기폐쇄, 및 혼란수준 - 과 자기 효능감)은 진로결정 수준에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미
치는가? 또한 성별에 따라 어떠한 양상을 보이는가? 라는 연구문제를 설정하였다.
본 연구의 대상은 서울과 지방에 위치한 5개 대학교 남녀 학생들 1,140명을 대상
으로 다섯 가지의 척도, 즉, 진로결정 수준 척도, 모와의 애착 척도, 부모와의 심리
적 독립 척도, 자아정체감 수준 척도, 그리고 자기 효능감 척도 등을 활용하여 설문
조사를 하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계 Program SAS를 이용하여 t검증과 경로분석 등
의 통계분석 기법을 활용하여 분석하였다.
본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 진로결정 수준은 남학생(M=2.70)이 여
학생(M=2.57)보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 가족변인에서 부모와의 애착은 유의하
지 않은 것으로 나타났으나, 성별에 있어서는 모와의 심리적 독립은 남학생
(M=9.76)이 여학생(M=9.25)보다 높게 나타났고, 부와의 심리적 독립에서는 여학생
(M=10.50)이 남학생(M=10.35)보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 개인변인에서는 남학생이
여학생보다 정체감 혼란 및 자기 효능감이 높은 것으로 나타났다.
둘째, 개인변인에 있어서 먼저, 정체감 성취수준에 있는 대학생들의 진로결정 수
준에 미치는 가족변인 중 부모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립은 직접 혹은 간접
적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 그 중 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을
미친 가족변인들은 모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 직접·간접효과가
모두 유의하게 나타난 것은 모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립이었다. 또한 직접·
간접효과들을 망라한 전체 효과가 가장 큰 가족변인은 모와의 애착으로 나타났다.
그리고 성별에 있어서, 남학생의 경우를 살펴보면, 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독
립은 진로결정 수준에 직접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중 직접적으로
영향을 미친 것은 모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 직접·간접효과가
모두 유의한 것은 모와의 애착, 부와의 심리적 독립이었다. 또한 전체효과가 가장
큰 변인은 모와의 애착이었다. 그리고 여학생의 경우에는, 모와의 애착 및 심리적
독립은 진로결정 수준에 직접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중에서 직접
적인 영향을 미친 것은 모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은
모와의 애착으로 나타났다.
다음으로, 정체감 유예 수준에 있는 대학생들의 진로결정 수준에 미치는 가족변
인 중 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.
이 중에서 대학생의 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을 미친 것은 모와의 애착 및
심리적 독립이었으며, 직접·간접효과가 모두 유의하게 나타난 것은 모와의 애착
및 심리적 독립이었다. 또한 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애착이었다.
그리고 성별에 있어서, 남학생의 경우, 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직접·간
접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중에서 남학생의 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로
영향을 미친 것은 모와의 애착이었으며, 직접·간접효과가 모두 유의하게 나타난
것은 모와의 애착이었다. 또한 전체효과가 가장 크게 나타난 변인은 모와의 애착이
었다. 여학생의 경우, 직접효과는 유의하지 않았으며, 모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적
독립은 간접효과만 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애착
이었다.
그리고 정체감 조기폐쇄 수준에 있는 대학생들의 진로결정 수준에 미치는 가족변
인 중 부모와의 애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립은 직접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타
났다. 이 중에서 대학생의 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을 미친 것은 모와의
애착, 부모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 직접·간접효과가 모두 유의한 것은 모와의
애착으로 나타났다. 또한 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애착으로 나타났다.
성별에 있어서는 남학생의 경우, 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직접·간접효
과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중에서 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을 미친
것은 부모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 부모와의 심리적
독립이었다. 그러나 여학생의 경우, 직접효과는 유의하지 않았으며, 모와의 애착만
간접효과가 있는 것으로 발견되었다.
마지막으로, 정체감 혼란 수준에 있는 대학생들의 진로결정 수준에 미치는 가족
변인 중 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.
이 중에서 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을 미친 것은 모와의 심리적 독립이었
으며, 또한 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애착으로 나타났다.
그리고 성별에 있어서, 남학생의 경우에는, 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직
접·간접효과가 있는 것으로 발견되었다. 이 중 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향
을 미친 것은 모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애
착이었다. 여학생의 경우, 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 직접·간접효과가 있는
것으로 나타났다. 이 중에서 여학생의 진로결정 수준에 직접적으로 영향을 미친 것
은 모와의 심리적 독립이었으며, 전체효과가 가장 큰 변인은 모와의 애착이었다.
요약컨대, 진로결정 수준에 관하여 대부분 개인변인에만 초점을 맞추어 온 선행
연구들은 단편적인 도움만 제공하였다는 사실에 입각하여 볼 때, 본 연구는 진로결
정 수준에 있어서, 개인변인 뿐만 아니라 그 개인을 둘러싸고 있는 가족환경도 중
요한 변인임을 밝힘으로서 대학생 진로 상담에 있어서 효과적이고 실제적인 시사점
을 주고 있다. 첫째, 가족변인들인 부모와의 애착 및 심리적 독립은 진로결정 수준
에 각각 영향을 주는 요인으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 진로상담은 내담자의 생활사와
가족환경에 대한 고려를 포함하여야 하며, 이를 통하여 내담자 스스로가 탐색과 수
용을 통해 적절한 진로를 결정할 수 있도록 도와야 할 것이다. 둘째, 후기 청소년기
에 있어서의 자아정체감 발달은 진로결정 수준에 있어서 중요한 요인으로 밝혀졌으
며, 또한 성별에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 따라서 개인이나 부모 및 교사들은 진로결
정 수준에 중요한 영향을 미치는 자아정체감을 청소년기에 잘 형성, 유지하도록 돕
기 위한 방안을 모색해야 함을 시사한다. 또한 진로상담에 있어서 학생과 부모의
성별에 따른 각기 다른 접근을 시도해야 함을 의미한다. 셋째, 자기 효능감이 진로
결정 수준에 긍정적으로 도움을 준다는 사실은 내담자로 하여금 진로결정에 있어서
자신감을 획득할 수 있도록 이끄는 상담전략 및 진로상담 프로그램의 필요성을 시
사하고 있다. 넷째, 가족변인과 개인변인이 진로결정 수준에 미치는 영향은 학생들의 성
별 및 부모의 성별에 따라 다르게 작용한다는 사실이 발견되었다. 이는 진로상담에 있어
학생 및 부모 각각의 성별에 따른 접근을 시도해야함을 시사한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It can be said that most of precedent researches on career decision level
focused only on personal variables, while failing to pay due attention to family
variables. As a result, those researches ended up in offering only fragmentary
help to the theory and practice of career development and career counseling for
university students in late adolescence.
In Korean society, compared to the Western society, its sociocultural tradition
has regarded 'relatedness' as more important than 'individuality', and in
parents-children relations, emotional intimacy in the relations has been looked
upon as more important than children's psychological independence. And, this
emotional intimacy is, as a matter of fact, an essential factor of psychological
development not only in the childhood but also throughout the adolescence.
Taking this fact into consideration, in order to well understand the career
decision level of Korean university students, we will have to take into careful
consideration not only the personal variables but also the family environments
surrounding them. Nevertheless, family variables have been given but scant
attention so far in career counseling in theory and practice.
In addition, we will have to pay attention to the gender factor in family
variables. Precedent researches have found that children's attachment to and
psychological independence of parents develop differently according to the gender
role socialized and conceptualized by the sociocultural tradition of the society.
Furthermore, those researches differentiated not only the gender differences of
the students in question but also those of their parents and combined them.
Therefore, the present study, while dealing with family variables and personal
variable simultaneously, firstly will explore how family variables, personal
variables, and career decision level are affected by the gender differences in
students, and, at the same time, by the gender differences in their parents.
Secondly, this study attempts to explore how family variables - either on their
own or through personal variables - affect career decision level, and what
differences gender differences make in that regard.
In sum, the following research questions were formulated to clarify the above
concerns.
(1) Do gender differences make a difference to career decision level, family
variables, and personal variables?
(2) How do family variables and personal variables(Identity
level-achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion- and self efficacy)
respectively affect career decision level? And, how and through what path, do
family variables affect career decision level? And, how do gender differences
affect in that regard?

In order to approach these questions, 1,140 university students were sampled
from five universities throughout Korea, and five kinds of scales were employed.
They were (1) career decision level scale, (2) parent attachment scale, (3)
psychological separation scale, (4) ego identity scale, and (5) self-efficacy scale.
And the collected data were analyzed by SAS program and statistical methods,
e.g., t-test and path analysis.

Major results of the present study were as follows:

(1) Male students(M=2.70) were higher than female students (M=2.57) in
career decision level. It was probably because social realities and the aftermath
of overall economic restructuring not only made it more difficult for women to
get employed but also further discouraged female students from taking an active
interest in seeking their careers. As far as family variables were concerned,
parent attachment turned out to be not statistically significant. Whereas male
students(M=9.76) were higher than female students(M=9.25) in psychological
independence of mother, female students(M=10.50) were higher than male
students(M=10.35) in psychological independence of father.
(2) Path analysis was done to analyze the career decision level of the
university students who were at the ego identity achievement level. According
to the result, attachment to and psychological independence of parents, among
explanatory variables shown in the paths, had direct or indirect effects on the
career decision level. Among these variables, the family variables that had direct
effects on the career decision level of university students were attachment to
mother and psychological independence of parents. The variables whose direct
and indirect effects were both significant were attachment to mother and
psychological independence of parents. And, attachment to mother, among family
variables, had the greatest total effect, i.e., the sum of direct and indirect effects.
In the case of male students, the result of the path analysis on the career
decision level showed that attachment to and psychological independence of
parents, among explanatory variables shown in the paths, had direct and indirect
effects. Among these variables, the family variables that had direct effects on
the career decision level of male students were attachment to mother and
psychological independence of parents. The variables whose direct and indirect
effects were both significant were attachment to mother and psychological
independence of father. And, attachment to mother had the greatest total effect.
In the case of female students, the path analysis on the career decision level
showed that attachment to and psychological independence of mother had direct
and indirect effects. Among these variables, psychological independence of
mother had direct effects on the career decision level of female students, and
attachment to mother had the greatest total effect.
(3) Path analysis done to the university students who were at self-identity
moratorium level showed that attachment to and psychological independence of
parents, among explanatory variables shown in the paths, had direct and indirect
effects. Among these variables, the ones that had direct effects on career
decision level were attachment to and psychological independence of mother.
The variables whose direct and indirect effects were both significant were
attachment to and psychological independence of mother. And, attachment to
mother had the greatest total effect.
In the case of male students, attachment to and psychological independence
of parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables, the one that
had direct effects on the career decision level of male students was attachment
to mother. The one whose direct and indirect effects were both significant was
attachment to mother. And, attachment to mother had the greatest total effect.
In female students' case, none of direct effects was found significant. As far
as indirect effects were concerned, they were found in attachment to mother
and psychological independence of parents. And, attachment to mother was the
variable with the greatest total effect.
(4) Path analysis done to the university students who were at ego identity
foreclosure level showed that attachment to and psychological independence of
parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables, the ones that had
direct effects on career decision level of university students were attachment to
mother and psychological independence of parents. The variable whose direct
and indirect effects were both significant was attachment to mother. And,
attachment to mother had the greatest total effect.
In male students' case, it was shown that attachment to and psychological
independence of parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables,
the one that had direct effects on the career decision level was psychological
independence of parents. And, psychological independence of parents had the
greatest total effect.
In the case of female students, none of direct effects was found significant.
It was only attachment to mother that had indirect effects.
(5) According to the path analysis done to the university students who were
at ego identity diffusion level, it was found that attachment to and psychological
independence of parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables,
the one that had direct effects on career decision level of university students
was psychological independence of mother, and the one that had the greatest
total effect was attachment to mother.
In male students' case, it was shown that attachment to and psychological
independence of parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables,
the one that had direct effects on the career decision level of male students was
psychological independence of mother. And, attachment to mother had the
greatest total effect.
In the case of female students, attachment to and psychological independence
of parents had direct and indirect effects. Among these variables, the one that
had direct effects on the career decision level was psychological independence of
mother. And, the family variable with the greatest total effect was attachment
to mother.

To sum up, the present study has emphasized that not only personal
variables but also family variables and gender differences have to be taken into
consideration in order for us to enhance the state of the art of career counseling
for university students. The following are some suggestions that can be derived
from this study.

First, it has been proved that family variables, such as parent attachment and
psychological independence, respectively affect career decision level. Therefore,
career counseling will have to include consideration of the life history and family
environments of clients, thus helping them decide their careers for themselves
through exploration and acceptance of themselves.
Second, it has been shown that the development of ego identity in late
adolescence is a key factor to career decision level, and that the effects of ego
identity development level on career decision level differ according to gender
differences.
Third, self-efficacy has been proved to work positively for enhancing the
career decision level. Then, it will be necessary for us to develop counseling
strategies and career counseling programs that can bring self-confidence to
clients.
Fourth, it has been found that family variables, personal variables, and career
decision level are affected by the gender differences in students, and, at the
same time, by the gender differences in their parents. Then, we will have to
accordingly differentiate the ways to approach them.