Since film was introduced to the public in Korea in the name of 'moving picture' around 1903, it has expanded its influence as a popular cultural medium until now. In the early stage, most of film introduced to the audience were documentary films show...
Since film was introduced to the public in Korea in the name of 'moving picture' around 1903, it has expanded its influence as a popular cultural medium until now. In the early stage, most of film introduced to the audience were documentary films showing sides of Western life. People’s response to and curiosity about these films were recorded in the early history of Korean film. Some ran away, surprised by a train rushing forward to them from the screen, and others who thought it strange for objects to move around turned up the screen to see if there was something hidden behind it. In the early days of films, people wondered at the way characters in a picture could move and were fascinated by the power of the new medium that gave them experiences totally different from traditional visual media.
Today when films are being played on over 1,500 screens throughout the country and digital tools for producing and editing videos have been popularized, there would be no one who thinks that characters shown to them are behind the screen. It is highly unlikely to find anyone who thinks that the figures appearing in a drama movie actually exist as real beings. Film is no more a realistic medium by which people see illusions in a way they see real things. People now understand that all we see is the light projected by a projector upon the screen. Even now, however, many people argue for the reality of films. Many of movie makers are struggling to make films more realistic, and audience criticize some films for their being unrealistic. Then what are all these about? What does it mean to contemporary Korean culture that films are realistic?
These questions cannot be answered just by one-to-one connection of the formative and content aspects of films to the characteristics of the real world. Films neither need to reflect the reality as it is, nor can do so. It has long been disputed in Western philosophy that the reality is and whether the reality can be known. Furthermore, in a culture that does not have an epistemological concern about what reality is, the question of the relation between the world (or reality) and films must be dealt with differently than in the Western culture.
Issues and arguments surrounding film creation, film appreciation and film criticism are closely related to the cultural and philosophical contexts of the society where the arguments occur. Artists design and produce works in the socio-cultural context where they live and experience. And those who view the works also appreciate and interpret them based upon the conceptual frame within which they have been brought up and nurture themselves.
The discussion in this thesis begins with the realization of the fact that the question of the relation between the reality and films in Korea is far different from the issue raised in a culture with the background of Western epistemology. The question may be characterized as the objectivity of art works. Critical themes in Western philosophy related to such questions as what objectivity is and how an art work can have an objective viewpoint are partially relevant to dealing of the questions raised in the contemporary Korean screen culture, but inadequate to pinpoint the topography of the problem. The pursuit of realism in Korean films is related to the concept of reality (實) in Confucian culture. In addition, Taoism and Buddhism also have important influences. In other words, organic viewpoints on realities and moral idealism appearing in Oriental culture constitute the theoretical background of realism specificically of Korean films. Such a trend is found in traditional paintings drawn under the strong influence of Confucian ideology, and underlies also in Korean films.
Certain elements of films introduced from the Western society such as expression style, the viewpoint of narration, mise-en-scene, edition and the personality of characters have been combined with the attitude of Confucianism and East Asian culture to merge into a new style that is neither wholly Western nor wholly traditional. To conceptualize such phenomena in words is regarded as an important task of film aesthetics. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the characteristics of the concept of ‘reality’ in films, which is one of the important parts in discussion of contemporary Korean films. Summing up, when a person (a filmmaker or a viewer) says that a film is realistic, he/she is somewhere between the judgment that the movie contains ‘objective facts (is factual)’ and the judgment that the movie contains ‘what should occur (is ideal).’ In my thesis and I conceptualizes this position as ‘ideal realism.’ That is, ideal realism is a terminology to manage conflicts between what has happened and what should have happened. Under the spectre of ideal realism, people capture, understand and compose realities through ideals.
The present thesis is composed largely of four parts. Chapter Ⅱ delineates the meaning of ‘ideal realism,’ the main characteristics of the concept and its significance as a critical concept. Chapter Ⅲ discusses Eastern philosophy from the perspectives of ontology, epistemology and axiology that, in effect, come together in the Eastern philosophical context. Discussion is made in comparison with Western philosophy for the philosophical conceptualization of ideal realism. What I take to be conceptual bases for ideal realism are the continuity of existence of all things, direct experiences of truth and the materialization of ideals on a practical level. In addition, Chapter Ⅲ, in relation to the visual culture in art, analyzes similarities and differences between ideal realism and objective realism from a comparative viewpoint. What I want to show eventually in the discussion in chapter Ⅲ is that the Korean traditional visual culture has been formed differently from the Western counterpart in various many ways.
Chapter Ⅳ deals with the defining characters of ‘ideal realism’ in photography and film. This part analyzes the trend of idealism in photography that has been created from the processes of accepting camera obscura and of using the word “photograph.” The trend may still be noted in the way photographs function in the contemporary everyday lives. In order to analyze realism in films, I review discussions on realism in films made in the philosophy of film up until recently focusing on the characteristics and the problems of realism. For the discussion, I take into consideration themes on realism in films, that is., ‘transparency,’ ‘illusionism’ and ‘likeness’ as represented by Gregory Currie in Image and Mind: Film, Philosophy and Cognitive Science, and analyze their implications and related problems in each of them. Currie advocates realism in films by arguing that experiences presented in films are similar to people’s daily experiences while not insisting upon the existence of a world independent from the observer. He calls his realism as ‘cognitive realism.’ However, Currie’s view assumes that there can be only one film realism to people and does not admit on a real base the diversity of human culture that would make various film realisms possible. In this thesis, I claim that realism does not constitute the ontological base of films but rather relates to the style of films, and that there can be realisms as many as there are human cultures in the real world. The reason for the style having a persuasive power in films is not that realism as a style shows the sole appearance of the world, but that filmmakers participate in the creation of the world by presenting views and interpretations of the world.
The 4th section of Chapter Ⅳ examines how ideal realism is realized in the actual Korean films as a way of intervening in the world. This part explores the peculiarity of relationships among characters in Korean films and their struggling to realize ideal relationships. I take as examples such Korean films as <Waving the Taegeuk Flag> and <Family>. In addition, the section discusses, citing a Korean films like <Chihwaseon>, stories of individuals who do not stop efforts to realize ideals in the real world. Lastly, in order to show that ideals can be realized through the terms of film, we suggested the trend that films present incidents in a serene and warm sight instead of presenting critical viewpoints or cool analysis on incidents. Ideal realism is a style of film that would induce concordance among sights of films, producers and audience by the ideal connection between man and the world. The style is a realistic strategy that viewers’ morality is connected to filmmakers’ morality through the medium of films as viewers feel sympathy with the pursuit of ideal and contemplate the realities with unavoidable absurdities.
Chapter Ⅴ considers from a critical viewpoint how women are described under ideal realism in Korean films. In the state that ideal morality is structured in male gaze, women are reduced to beings that have to accomplish peculiar morality prescribed uniquely upon them. Because of such a limited understanding of women, Korean films with traditional viewpoint have described women typically as motherly women. Receptive and erotic images of women have been developed from mother images that are pure and all embracing. Women in films have been changed to pure and weak victims as shown in ‘the metaphor of rape’ appearing in films through the 1980s and 1990s, and also to women of new virtue, ‘being sexy,’ in recent films. In order to escape from the typified description of women, I suggest the necessity of feminist criticism that will invoke the creation of films and the new attitude of appreciation to change or deconstruct the established connection between men’s virtue and women’s virtue. In addition, it is discussed that presenting new ideal models of various kind in a feminist viewpoint could make a way to overcome the current limited perspective on women.
The usefulness of the concept of ‘ideal realism’ presented in this thesis would not be just limited to the analysis of Korean culture. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism have been embedded into East Asian culture with various forms in accordance with region, country and age. The concept can generally be used in understanding and analyzing cultural products created under the influence of theoretical and practical attitudes of realizing ideals. In addition, the concept can have a critical power in analyzing films that search for new expressions, interacting with other elements of culture in the context of the East Asian culture.