현대 사회 이론의 생물학적 전환

국문 초록 (Abstract)

스펜서의 사회진화론이 타당성을 잃은 이후 침묵해 있던 생물학적 사회 이론은, 20세가 중반 이후 새로운 방향으로 생물학적 전환을 맞이하였으며 21세기 들어 새로운 발전의 가능성을 보이고 있다. 이러한 전환은 진보적, 선형적 진화를 가정했던 사회진화론으로부터 몰진보적, 무작위적 진화를 가정한 다윈으로의 복귀라 할 수 있으며, 전환의 배경에는 몸과 마음, 자연과 사회의 이원론을 극복하려는 노력과 함께 분자생물학의 발달에 따른 유전자적 환원론의심화도 자리 잡고 있다. 이러한 환원론의 심화는 사회를 유전자 수준의 복제 원리로 설명하려는 사회 생물학적 사회이론도 발달시키는 한편 문화와 이타적 가치를 설명하려는 ESS 이론의 발전을 통해 유전자를 매우 추상적인 사회 이론적 개념으로 변화시켰다. 한편 인간유전자(genome)지도의 제작은 환원론의 완성보다는 분자, 세포, 개체군 등 관찰 수준에 상관없이 생물 시스템의 총체성에 대한 연구의 필요성을 드러내었다. 21세기의 이러한 생물학의 경향은 네트워크 복잡계에 대한 관심, 유전자 개념의 이론성, 귀납주의적 환원론의 극복 등과 같은 특성을 보인다는 점에서 사회학과 융합ㆍ발전할 가능성이 높은 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이러한 융합의 노력이 자연의 사회화를 탐구하는 몸의 사회학과 만난다면, 자연과 사회가 갈등론적으로 통합하는 지점으로서의 뇌에 대한 사회 이론이 발전할 수 있을 것으로 전망한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Biological social theories, awakening from their quite hibernation since Spence’s social Darwinism, have been turning to new directions with notable promise. These new directions have been stimulated by efforts to overcome dualism between body and mind, or nature and society on the one hand, and by intensified genetic reductionism of thriving evolutionary biology on the other hand. An axiomatic turn from the perspective of progressive, linear evolution to that of non-progressive, random evolution overarches those diverse stimulations. Even though the reductionism gave birth to contemporary biosociology, which did not appeal to sociologist much, reductionists’ exploration of the origin of altruistic human culture developed the theory of evolutionarily stable strategy(ESS), which transformed the concept of biological gene to an social theoretic concept. More recently, the completion of human genome map calls for sincere attentions to the common properties across different levels of biological systems, rather than confirming the triumph of genetic reductionism. These new directions as a whole have affinity to sociology because of their interest in network complexity, acceptance of theoretical concept for gene, and motivation to overcome inductive reductionism. When these new directions communicate with sociologists’ interest in socialization of nature, the social theory for brain may emerge as an effort to explain how nature and society are integrated through mutual conflicts.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [국문 초록]
• Ⅰ. 사회 이론의 생물학적 전환의 배경
• Ⅱ. 전개 과정
• Ⅲ. 주요 이론
• Ⅳ. 생물학적 전환의 잠재적 가치와 함의
• 참고 문헌
• [Abstract]

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 글리크, "카오스" 동문사 1993

2 도킨스, "이기적 유전자" 을유문화사 1993

3 램브레히트, "서양철학사" 을유문화사 1992

4 릿저, "사회학이론" 한올출판사 2006

5 김용학, "사회구조와 행위: 거시적 현상의 미시적 기초를 찾아서" 나남 2003

6 슈스터만, "몸의 의식" 북코리아 2010

7 김남옥, "몸의 사회학적 연구 현황과 새로운 과제" 한국이론사회학회 21 (21): 289-327, 2012

8 맑스, "공산주의당 선언, In 칼 맑스 프리드리히 엥겔스 저작선집 1" 박종철출판사 1992

9 Pennisi, E., "Why Do Humans Have So Few Genes?" 309 (309): 80-, 2005

10 Mayr, Ernst, "What Evolution Is" Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2002

11 Runciman, W. G., "The Theory of Cultural and Social Selection" Cambridge University Press 2009

12 Spencer, H., "The Study of Sociology" Williams & Norgate 1873

13 Kuhn, T., "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" The University of Chicago Press 1969

14 Davidson, E. H., "The Regulatory Genome: Gene Regulatory Networks In Development And Evolution" Academic Press 2006

15 Pascual-Leone, A., "The Plastic Human Brain Cortex" 28 : 377-401, 2005

16 Jan, S., "The Memetics of Music: A Neo-Darwinian View of Musical Structure and Culture" Ashgate Publishing Limited 2007

17 Hamilton, W. D., "The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. II" 7 : 17-52, 1964

18 Hamilton, W. D., "The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. I" 7 : 1-16, 1964

19 Axelrod, R., "The Evolution of Cooperation" BasicBooks 1984

20 Choi, Jung-Kyoo, "The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War" 318 (318): 636-640, 2007

21 Featherstone, M., "The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory" Sage 1991

22 Schilling, C., "The Body and Social Theory" Sage 2003

23 Kitano, H., "Systems Biology: A Brief Overview" 295 (295): 1662-1664, 2002

24 Mayr, Ernst, "Systematics and the Origin of Species" Columbia University Press 1942

25 Leclerc, R. D., "Survival of the Sparsest: Robust Gene Networks Are Parsimonious" 4 : 213-, 2008

26 Wilson, E. O., "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis" Harvard University Press 1975

27 Nielsen, Francois, "Sociobiology and Sociology" 20 : 267-303, 1994

28 Ritt, N., "Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian Approach to Language Change" Cambridge University Press 2004

29 Latour, B., "Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory" Oxford University Press 2005

30 Lyell, C., "Principles of Geology 1" John Murray 1830

31 Latour, B., "Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy" Harvard University Press 2004

32 Campbell, D. T., "On the Conflict between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition" 30 (30): 1103-1126, 1975

33 Richardson, Peter J., "Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution" The University of Chicago Press 2005

34 Maguire, E. A., "Navigation-related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers" 97 (97): 4398-4403, 2000

35 Ruse, Michael, "Monad to Man: The Concept of Progress in Evolutionary Biology" Harvard University Press 1996

36 Illich, I. D., "Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health" Calder and Boyars 1975

37 Hatemi, P. K., "Man Is by Nature a Political Animal: Evolution, Biology, and Politics" The University of Chicago Press 2011

38 Barabási, A., "Linked" A Plume Book 2003

39 Clark, A. G., "Inferring Nonneutral Evolution from Human-Chimp-Mouse Orthologous Gene Trios" 302 (302): 1960-1963, 2003

40 Schreiber, D., "Huxtables on the Brain: An fMRI Study of Race and Norm Violation" 33 (33): 313-330, 2012

41 Gazzaniga, Michael, "Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique" HarperCollins 2008

42 Simmel, G., "Georg Simmel On Individuality and Social Forms" The University of Chicago Press 1971

43 Spencer, H., "First Principles" Williams & Norgate 1862

44 Lee, S., "Fat Phobia in Anorexia Nervosa: Whose Obsession Is It?, In Eating Disorder and Cultures in Transition" Brunner-Routledge 2001

45 Maynard Smith, John, "Evolutionary Genetics" Oxford University Press 1989

46 Riolo, R. L., "Evolution of Cooperation without Reciprocity" 414 (414): 441-443, 2001

47 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, "Department of Systems Biology Web Pages"

48 Blute, M., "Darwinian Sociocultural Evolution: Solutions to Dilemmas in Cultural and Social Theory" Cambridge University Press 2010

49 Pocklington, R., "Cultural Evolution and the Units of Selection in Replicating Texts" 188 : 79-87, 1997

50 Bechtel, W., "Connectionism and the Mind: Parallel Processing, Dynamics, and Evolution in Networks" Basil Blackwell 2002

51 Dahrendorf, R., "Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society" Stanford University Press 1959

52 Duster, T., "Backdoor to Eugenics" Routledge 1990

53 Maturana, H. R., "Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 42)" D. Reidel Publishing Company 1980

54 Rabinow, Paul, "Artificiality and Enlightenment: From Sociobiology to Biosociality, In Essays on the Anthropology of Reason" Princeton University Press 1996