원시·고대의 목제 절굿공이 검토 = Review on Wooden Mortar Pestle in Primitive Age and Ancient Times

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

As the archaeological data has been accumulated, the excavation cases of unprecedented relics have gradually increased, which were not excavated before. One of such relics is wooden mortar and pestle. About 10 excavation cases of wooden mortar pestle(목제 절굿공이) were reported thus far since it was first identified at Shinchang dong, Gwangju. Wooden mortar pestle of primitive ancient times is classified into single type and double type depending on the number of pestles. First, single type can be further sub-classified into ``一`` shaped type and ``ㄱ`` shaped type depending on the basic shape. And double type can be sub-classified into round fore-end (I type) and flat fore-end(II type) based on the type of pestle. In addition, it can be further sub-classified depending on the boundary part processing type of pestle and knob (class A, B) and knob type (class 1, 2). In total, 5 types can be set. It was determined that the latter part of the Bronze Age was the time when wooden mortar pestle first appeared. At this time, only double type Ⅰa type was found. Various types appeared at the Iron Age. Ⅱa·Ⅱb type with flat fore-end is also identified at this time. Types of mortars pestles that were diversified at the Iron Age had continue to exist through Proto-Three Kingdoms period to Three-Kingdom period. Food cultures of the times can be inferred through aspects of mortar pestles. In the Neolithic times, millet was ground and cooked as the form of thin rice gruel boiled in water. After that, in the Bronze Age, the types of crops harvested increased, but there was no big change in the cooking method due to limit in earthenware cookery. However, the rice with soft grain might be cooked in the form of porridge boiled in water, rather than ground to powder in the Bronze Age. And from the Iron Age when the steamer began to spread widely, grains were steamed for eating and it is highly likely that the rice cake began to be made from this time.

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