복지국가의 변화 측정을 위한 새로운 시도

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 비교사회정책 연구의 핵심 주제인 ‘종속변수의 문제’를 해결하기 위해, 이론적으로 적절하고, 다차원적이며, 복지국가 변화의 정도와 방향을 동시에 고려할 수 있는 대안적 측정방법을 시도하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 12개 OECD 주요 회원국의 복지국가 변화과정을 2가지 차원과 4가지 범주(접근성, 관대성, 활성화, 돌봄의 국가책임)로 구분하고, Fuzzy set 접근방식을 통해 16가지 이념형을 구축하여 변화의 정도와 방향을 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 비록 정도에 차이는 있으나 각 복지국가는 나름의 독특한 변화과정을 보이며, 이러한 변화는 질적인 측면을 반영할 뿐 복지국가의 패러다임적 전환이나 체제전환으로 이어지지는 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자본주의 복지국가들의 변화는 몇 가지 이념형으로 수렴되는 경향을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper offers an alternative approach to measure the welfare state change by using fuzzy-set methodology. The fuzzy-set method is particularly useful for assessing change across a limited number of cases, and that it can help to translate interval fuzzy membership scores into verbal qualifiers. Applying the measurement of welfare state change, four sets(accessibility, generosity, activation, state's care responsibility) in two dimensions(old and new social risks) have been identified, which reflect theoretical importance. The analysis sets out fuzzy membership scores for 12 OECD countries in the 16 possible welfare state ideal types. This paper found that each country has its own strategies to deal with the changes, however, the changes are not dramatic or a qualitative one. This does not mean that there are no changes, but that are no paradigm shifts or path breaking in the welfare state changes.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [요약]
• 1. 서론
• 2. 이론적 논의
• 3. 연구방법
• 4. 분석결과
• 5. 결론
• 참고문헌
• 〈부록 1〉 복지국가 변화의 경우의 수에 따른 각 국가들의 FMS(fuzzy membership scores)

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김종건, "한국 복지체제의 형성과 변천에 관한 연구" 중앙대학교 대학원 2004

2 송다영, "일과 가족 양립을 위한 가족지원서비스 발전방안에 관한 연구" 한국사회복지정책학회 (34) : 7-33, 2008

3 김혜원, "스웨덴, 덴마크의 여성고용 정책" 한국노동연구원 2007

4 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, "복지자본주의의 세 가지 세계" 성균관대학교 출판부 1990

5 류연규, "복지국가의 탈가족화와 출산율의 관계에 대한 비교 연구" 서울대학교 대학원 2005

6 김연명, "동아시아 복지체제론의 재검토: 복지체제 유형 비교의 방법론적 문제와 동아시아 복지체제의 가능성" 2004

7 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, "Why We Need a New Welfare State?" Oxford University Press 2003

8 Siegel, Nico A., "When (only) money matters: the pros and cons of expenditure analysis. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

9 Scruggs, Lyle, "Welfare state generosity across space and time. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

10 Esping-Andersen, Gosta, "Welfare States in Transition: National adaptations in Global Economies" SAGE 1996

11 Gilbert, Neil, "Transformation of the Welfare State: the silent surrender of public responsibility" Oxford University Press 2002

12 Bonoli, Giuliano, "Too narrow and too wide at once: the ‘welfare state' as dependent variable in policy analysis. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

13 Scruggs, Lyle, "The generosity of social insurance, 1971-2002" 22 (22): 349-364, 2006

14 Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, "The dependent variable problem within the study of welfare state retrenchment: defining the problem and looking for solutions" 6 (6): 3-14, 2004

15 Castles, Francis G., "The Future of the Welfare State: Crisis Myths and Crisis Realities" Oxford University Press 2004

16 Ferrera, Maurizion, "The Future of Social Europe: Recasting work and welfare in the New economy" Oxford University Press 2001

17 O'Connor, James, "The Fiscal Crisis of the State" St. Martin's Press 1973

18 Iversen, Torben, "The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion: Trade openness, De-Industialization and Partisan Politics. in: The New Politics of the Welfare State" Oxford University Press 45-79, 2002

19 Vis, Barbara, "States of welfare or states of workfare? Welfare state restructuring in 16 capitalist democracies, 1985-2002" 35 (35): 105-122, 2007

20 Hicks, Alexander, "Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism" Cornell University Press 1999

21 Schwartz, Herman, "Small States in Big Trouble: State Reorganization in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand and Sweden in the 1980s" 46 (46): 527-555, 1994

22 Pempel, T. J., "Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy" Cornell University press 1998

23 Ragin, Charles, "Redesigning Social Inquiry Fuzzy sets and Beyond" University of Chicago Press 2008

24 Ferrera, Maurizio, "Recalibrating Europe's Welfare Regimes. in: Governing Work and Welfare in a New Economy: European and American Experiments" Oxford University Press 2003

25 Hemerijck, Anton, "Recalibrating Europe's Semi-Sovereign Welfare States" WZB

26 Wincott, Daniel, "Reassessing the social foundations of welfare (state) regimes" 6 (6): 409-425, 2001

27 Jæger, Mads Meier, "Pressures on State Welfare in Post-industrial Societies: Is more or less better?" 37 (37): 555-572, 2003

28 Kittel, Bernhard, "Political Parties, Institutions and the Dynamics of Social Expenditure in times of Austerity" 10 (10): 20-45, 2003

29 Hall, Peter A., "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: the Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain" 25 (25): 275-296, 1993

30 Taylor-Gooby, Peter, "New Risks and Social Change. in: New Risks, New Welfare: The transformation of the European Welfare State" Oxford University Press 2004

31 Scruggs, Lyle, "New Dimensions of Welfare State Regimes in Advanced Democracies" 2008

32 Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, "More than data questions and methodological issues: theoretical conceptualization and the dependent variable 'problem' in the study of welfare reform. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

33 Clasen, Jochen, "Levels and levers of conditionality: measuring change within welfare state. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

34 Deacon, Allan, "Justifying Workfare: The historical context of the workfare debates. in: Unemployment and Public Policy in a Changing Labour Market" Policy Studies Institute 1994

35 Pierson, Paul, "Irresistible forces, immovable objects: Post-industrial welfare states confront permanent austerity" 5 (5): 539-560, 1998

36 King, D., "In the name of Liberalism: Illiberal Social Policy in the United States and Britain" Oxford University Press 1999

37 Mares, Isabela, "Great Divergence in Social Protection" Korea University and the East Asia Institute 2005

38 Swank, Duane, "Global Capital, Political Institutions and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States" Cambridge University Press 2002

39 Sainsbury, Diane, "Gender, Equality and Welfare States" Cambridge University Press 1996

40 Orloff, Ann S., "Gender and the social rights of citizenship" 58 : 303-328, 1993

41 Ragin, Charles, "Fuzzy-Set Social Science" University of Chicago Press 2000

42 Kvist, Jon, "Exploring diversity: measuring welfare state change with fuzzy-set methodology. in: Investigating Welfare State Change: The 'Dependent Variable Problem' in Comparative Analysis" Edward Elgar 2007

43 Bonoli, Giuliano, "European Welfare Future: towards a theory of retrenchment" Polity Press 2000

44 OECD, "Employment Outlook"

45 ESPAnet, "ESPAnet Conference 2007 Stream 6: Multidimensionality in the Analysis of Welfare States"

46 Kvist, Jon, "Diversity, ideal types and fuzzy sets in comparative welfare state research. in: Innovative Comparative Methods of Policy Analysis: Beyond the Quantitative-Qualitative Divide" Springer 2005

47 Kühner, Stefan, "Country-level comparisons of welfare state change measures: another facet of the dependent variable problem within the comparative analysis of the welfare state?" 17 (17): 5-18, 2007

48 Pierson, Paul, "Coping with Permanent Austerity: Welfare State Restructuring in Affluent Democracies. in: The New Politics of the Welfare State" Oxford University Press 2001

49 Scruggs, Lyle, "Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset"

50 Gauthier, Anne H., "Comparative Maternity, Parental and Childcare Database(preliminary version 2)"

51 Janoski, Thomas, "Citizenship and Civil Society: A framework rights and obligations in liberal, traditional, and social democratic regimes" Cambridge University Press 1998

52 Goul Andersen, Jørgen, "Ambiguity of welfare state change: Institutions, output and outcomes" 2005