불신에서 신뢰로 = From Distrust to Trust: Impacts of Social Participation and Political Institution to Trust Structure

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 한국의 저신뢰 구조가 사회참여와 정치제도를 통해 개선될 수 있다는 전제에서 출발했다. 고신뢰 사회로 분류되는 일본을 비교 대상으로 하여 신뢰구조와 그 영향요인을 진단하고, 사회참여와 정치제도의 어떤 요인이 신뢰구조 개선에 도움이 되는지를 분석하였다. 연구결과 수평적 단체참여, 적극적 정치참여, 정책수행 능력, 제도역량은 높이고, 수직적 단체참여, 정부부패, 제도불신을 줄여야 한다는 사실을 발견했다. 이들 중에서도 특히 정부의 역할이 중요하게 나타났다. 일본과는 달리 한국은 신뢰구조가 취약하여 정부의 역할이 미흡할 경우, 개방적 신뢰 축소만이 아니라 협소한 신뢰를 부추기는 결과로 이어질수 있음이 판명되었다. 또한 현재의 불신구조 원인이 근본적으로 제도불신에 기인하고 있다는 것도 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 향후 신뢰구조 개선을 위한 노력 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study assumes that low trust of Korean society can be improved through social participation and political institution. In this study, the characteristics of trust type of Korea and Japan are compared. More than 1,400 surveys are used for data in Korea and Japan. This research finds that general trust can be improved by horizontal group participation, active political participation, policy implement and institution capacity, and also deteriorated by hierarchical social participation, government corruption, and institution distrust. Among them, government role is so important to improve general trust. In Korea, not Japan, trust structure is so weak. Without strong government role, general trust of Korean society can be reduced, as well as narrow trust can be spread. It finds that the origin of distrust structure in Korea largely comes from institution distrust.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이재열, "한국인의 연줄망 - 사회의식과행위에 미치는 영향 -" 한국사회학회 1998

2 박희봉, "한국인의 신뢰 수준 및 영향 요인: 단체참여 및 개인의 사회？ 경제적 배경과 대인신뢰, 단체신뢰, 대중매체신뢰" 한국정책학회 12 (12): 199-226, 2003

3 김태영, "한국의 연고,온정주의형 부패의 특징에 관한 연구" 국가정책연구소 20 (20): 91-126, 2006

4 김지희, "한국사회의 신뢰수준 In : 한국사회 신뢰와 불신의 구조: 미시적 접근" 도서출판 소화 2002

5 장수찬, "한국 연줄사회조직의 특성과 신뢰구조의 이해: 이중적 신뢰구조가 갖는 민주주의에 대한 함의는 무엇인가?" 한국세계지역학회 22 (22): 2004

6 박병진, "신뢰형성에 있어 사회참여와 제도의 역할" 한국사회학회 41 (41): 65-105, 2007

7 이재혁, "신뢰와 시민사회:한미 비교연구" 한국사회학회 40 (40): 61-98, 2006

8 유석춘, "사회자본 - 이론과 쟁점" 도서출판 그림 2003

9 한준, "민주주의, 제도와 신뢰" 13 (13): 19-36, 2003

10 Stolle, D., "When Does Diversity Erode Trust? Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions" 56 : 57-75, 2008

11 Mishler, W., "What are the Political Consequences of Trust?: A Test of Cultural and Institutional Theories in Russia" 38 : 1050-1074, 2005

12 Mishler, W., "What are the Origins of Political Trust?: Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Societies" 34 : 30-62, 2001

13 Fukuyama, F, "Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity" The Free Press 1995

14 Sztompka,P, "Trust: A Sociological Theory" Cambridge University Press 2000

15 Newton,K, "Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy" 22 (22): 201-214, 2001

16 Seligson,M, "Trust, Efficacy and Modes of Political Participation: A Study of Costa rican Peasants" 10 (10): 75-98, 1980

17 Mishler, W., "Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-Communist Societies" 59 (59): 418-451, 1997

18 Misztal,B, "Trust in Modern Societies" Policy Press 1996

19 Hardin.R, "Trust in Government, 9-27 In Trust and Governance" Russell Sage 1998

20 Khodyakov,D, "Trust as a Process: A Three-Dimensional Approach" 41 (41): 115-132, 2007

21 Dasgupta,P, "Trust as a Commodity, 49-72. in Gambetta. D. (ed). Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations" Basil Blackwell 1988

22 Nooteboom,B, "Trust as Governance Device In Cultural Factors in Economic Growth" Springer-Verlag 44-68, 2000

23 McClelland. K, "The Role of Contact and Information in Racial Attitude Change among White College Student" 76 (76): 81-115, 2006

24 Seligman,A, "The Problem of Trust" Princeton University Press 1997

25 Hetheington,M.J, "The Political Relevance of Political Trust" 92 : 791-808, 1998

26 Uslaner.,E, "The Moral Foundation of Trust" Cambridge University Press 2002

27 Seligson,M, "The Impact of Corruption on Regime Legitimacy: A Comparative Study of Four American Countries" 64 (64): 408-433, 2002

28 Almond, G. A, "The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations" Princeton University Press 1963

29 Letki,N, "Socilization for Participation? Trust, Membership, and Democratization in East-Central Europe" 57 (57): 665-6779, 2004

30 Della Porta,D, "Social capital, beliefs in government, and political corruption In Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries?" Princeton University Press 2000

31 Levi,M, "Social and unsocial capital" 24 : 45-55, 1996

32 Newton,K, "Social and Political Trust In Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior" Oxford University Press 342-361, 2007

33 Gibson,J, "Social Networks, Civil Society, and the Prospects for Consolidating Russian's Democratic Transition" 45 (45): 51-69, 2001

34 Rothstein,B, "Social Capital in the social democratic welfare state" 29 (29): 207-241, 2001

35 Newton,K, "Social Capital and democracy in modern Europe In Social Capital and European Democracy" Routledge 3-24, 1999

36 Kuenzi,M.T, "Social Capital and Political Trust in West Africa"

37 Fukuyama, F, "Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda" 22 (22): 23-37, 2002

38 Newton,K, "Social Capital and Democracy" 40 : 575-586, 1997

39 Dovidio, J, "Reducing Prejudice: Conbating Intergroup Bias"

40 Zucker,L, "Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure 1840-1920" 8 : 53-111, 1986

41 Delhey, J, "Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?" 21 (21): 311-327, 2005

42 Minkoff,D, "National Social Movements and Civil Society" 40 : 606-620, 1997

43 Inglehart,R, "Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies" Princeton University Press 1997

44 Boix, C, "Making Social Capital Work: A Review of Putnam's Making Democracy Work" Center for International Affairs, Harvard University 1996

45 Putnam,R.D, "Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy"

46 Gambetta. D, "Mafia: the price of distrust, 158-175 In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations" Blackwell 1988

47 Kaase,M, "Interpersonal Trust, Political Trust and Non-institutionalised Political Participation in Western Europe" 22 (22): 1-21, 1999

48 Anheier,H., "Interpersonal Trust and Voluntary Associations: Examing Three Approaches" 53 : 343-362, 2002

49 Oliver, J. E, "Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings" 47 (47): 567-582, 2003

50 Kumlin,S, "Institutions-Experiences-Preferences: How Welfare State Design Affects Political Trust and Ideology In Restructuring the Welfare State: Political Institutions and Policy Change" Palgrave/Macmillan 2002

51 North,Douglass C, "Institutions, Institutional Changes and Economic Performance" Harvard University Press 1990

52 Brehm, J, "Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital" 41 (41): 999-1023, 1997

53 Rothstein, B., "How Political Institutions Create and Destroy Social Capital: An Institutional Theory of Generalized Trust" 2002

54 Coleman,J.S, "Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England" The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1990

55 Williams,B, "Formal Structures and Social Reality In Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations" Blackwell 3-15, 1988

56 Luhmann,N, "Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives, 94-107 In Trust, Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations" Basil Blackwell 1988

57 Anderson, C, "Corruption, Political Allegiances, and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies" 47 (47): 91-109, 2003

58 Chang, Eric C. C, "Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies?" 68 (68): 259-271, 2006

59 Pye,L.W, "Civility, Social Capital, and Civil Society: The Powerful Concepts for Explaining Asia" 29 (29): 762-782, 1999

60 Shah,D.V, "Civic Engagement, Interpersonal Trust, and Television Use: An Individial- Level Assessment of Social Capital" 19 (19): 469-496, 1998

61 Krishna,Anirudh, "Can Social Capital Help Support Development and Democracy? Active Social Capital: Tracing the Roots of Democracy and Development" Columbia University Press 2002

62 Solomon, R, "Building Trust in Business, Politics, Relationships and Life" Oxford University Press 2001

63 Stolle,D, "Bowling Together, Bowling Alone: The Development of Generalised Trust in Voluntary Associations" 19 (19): 497-525, 1998

64 Putnam,R.D, "Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community" Simon & Schuster. 2000

65 Foley, M. W, "Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective" 42 (42): 5-20, 1998