성 고정관념 활성화가 남녀의 자아해석에 미치는 영향 = Effect of Gender-sterotype Activation in Men's and Women's Self-construal

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was conducted to explore how men's and women's self-construals do change according to gender-stereotype activation. The results showed that men have stronger gender-stereotypes and construe self more gender-stereotypic way than women. In general, women showed having less gender-stereotype but they construed self more stereotypic way. And the stereotype activation affected only on women to construe self less stereotypic way. Both men and women do accept physical appearance stereotypes more than other domains of gender-stereotype when they construe their selves. Gender-role stereotypes are more accepted by men than women, and gender-stereotypes of ability are more accepted by men but refused by women when stereotype was activated. And men accepted prescriptive gender-stereotype more than women. People of high gender-stereotype group construe self more stereotypic way than those of low stereotype group. But in low gender-stereotype group, women construe self less stereotypic way when stereotype is activated than when not. These results are taken to show, among others, that self-stereotyping of targets were different depending on whether the targets are man or woman, and that self stereotyping of an individual contributes to build a mechanism of maintaining gender-stereotype of a society to which he or she belongs.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 성 고정관념이 활성화되었을 때 남성과 여성의 자아해석은 어떻게 달라지는지를 알아보기 위해 시도되었다. 그 결과 전반적으로 남성들의 성 고정관념 점수가 여성들보다 높았고 이런 현상은 자아해석에도 그대로 반영되었다. 여성들은 여성에 대한 고정관념은 낮지만 자아해석은 매우 고정형적으로 하고 있었다. 성 고정관념의 활성화효과는 남성들에게는 나타나지 않고 여성들에게만 나타나, 고정관념이 활성화되었을 때 자아해석을 덜 고정형적으로 하는 탈동일시 경향을 보였다. 영역별로는 역할 영역에서 남성은 고정관념을 수용하는 반면 여성들은 거부하는 양상이 나타났고, 외모 영역에서는 남녀 모두 고정관념을 수용하는 경향이 높았다. 능력영역에서는 남성들은 고정관념이 활성화될 때 더 고정형적인 자아해석을 하는데 비해 여성들은 탈동일시하는 현상이 나타났다. 한편 처방적인 성 고정관념을 자아에 반영하는 경향은 남성에게서 더 강하게 나타났다. 성 고정관념을 가지고 있는 정도에 따라 고정관념 고-저 집단을 나누어 자아해석을 살펴 본 결과, 남녀 모두 성 고정관념이 낮은 사람들은 높은 사람들에 비해 자아해석이 덜 고정형적이었다. 그리고 여성의 경우에는 고정관념이 활성화되었을 때에 성 고정관념이 낮은 사람들이 고정형적인 자아해석을 더 많이 억압하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 성 고정관념이 그 수혜자인 남성과 피해자인 여성의 자아해석에 각기 다르게 영향을 미쳐, 거부되기도 하지만, 자아에 반영되고 실천되어 성 고정관념을 유지시킬 수 있다고 해석되었다

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "여성과 남성이 다르지도 똑같지도 않은 이유" 또 하나의 문화. 1999

2 "여성, 존재인가 과정인가: 여성심리 이론과 실제" 철학과 현실사. 2002

3 "성 고정관념:남성다움과 여성다움의 실체" 이화여대 출판부 170-211, 1996

4 "고정관념 및 편견과 인간관계" 1-16, 2002

5 "Women and gender: Transforming psychology" Prentice Hall 1999

6 "When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of "model minority" status." 11 (11): 399-402, 2000

7 "The self" McGraw Hill 680-740, 1998

8 "The psychology of prejudice" Allyn & Bacon 2002

9 "The lenses of gender Transforming the debate on sexual inequality" Press 1993

10 "The impact of power on stereotyping" 621-628, 1993

11 "The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioral consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects." 31 : 493-517, 1995

12 "The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations" Academic Press 69-120, 1987

13 "Structure of gender stereotypes:Interrelationships among components and gender label" 46 : 991-1004, 1984

14 "Stigma: An insider's view" 57 (57): 1-14, 2001

15 "Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination." McGraw-Hill 357-411, 1998

16 "Stereotypes and prejudice:Their automatic and controlled components" 56 : 5-18, 1989

17 "Stereotype threat and women's math performance" 35 : 4-28,

18 "Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans." 69 : 797-811, 1995

19 "Stereotype activation and inhibition." Erlbaum. 11 : 1-52, 1998

20 "Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women's performance." 39 : 68-74, 2002

21 "Sexism and other "isms": Independence, status, and the ambivalent content of stereotypes." APA. 193-222, 1999

22 "Sex role identity and its relationships to sex role attributes and sex role stereotypes" 37 (37): 1779-1789, 1979

23 "Sex differences in social behavior" 1987

24 "Sex differences and/in the self: Classic themes, feminist variations, postmodern challenges." 26 : 74-88, 2002

25 "Self-schemata and processing information about the self" 35 : 63-78, 1977

26 "Self and identity." Oxford. 1997

27 "Se;f-stereotyping and expectancies for success in sex typed tasks." 1999

28 "On the automatic activation of attitudes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 229-238, 1986

29 "Multiplicity of selves" Oxford. 23-45, 1997

30 "Mental representations of the self Advances in experimental social psychology" Academic Press 2-40, 1983

31 "Linking gender to educational, occupational, and recreational choices: Applying the Eccles et al." APA. 153-192, 1999

32 "Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience." Guilford Press. 133-168, 1996

33 "Instrumental and expressive traits, trait stereotypes, and sexist attitudes." 24 : 44-62, 2000

34 "Ingroup and outgroup stereotypes and selective processing" 27 : 589-601, 1997

35 "Individual self, relational self, collective self." Psychological Press 2001

36 "Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments" Psychology Press 161-170, 2000

37 "Gender schema theory:A cognitive account of sex typing" 88 : 354-364, 1981

38 "Gender" McGraw Hill 788-827, 1998

39 "Features of men features of women Assessing stereotypic beliefs about gender subtypes British Journal of Social Psychology" 107-123, 1994

40 "Excitable speech:A politics of the performative" Routledge 1997

41 "Development of the self in gendered context" 1999

42 "Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior" 259-302, 1981

43 "Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?" 72 : 275-287, 1997

44 "Bodies that matter:On the dicursive limits of sex" Routledge 1993

45 "Are people prejudiced against women? In W European review of social psychology" 1-35, 1993

46 "A shifting perspective on the complexity of gender stereotypes and gender stereotyping" APA. 75-106, 1999

47 "A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes The development of sex differences" Press 82-173, 1966