한국 청소년 탄력성 척도의 개발 = for Development of the Resilience Scale of Korean Adolescents

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to develop the Resilience Scale for Korean adolescents. A theoretical model was constructed consisting of 2 sub-scales each for personal traits and protective factors: each sub-scale having 4 levels; each level having 2 resilience factors. Thus making 16 resilience factors. One hundred and four items were selected and modified from the 114 items sampled from the existing Resilience Scales and literatures. This was done through psychologists and statistician's judgement along with interviews and cognitive tests for 39 adolescents for content validity. Ninety-seven items remained valid after item analyses in the two pilot studies done on 570 adolescents. The factor analysis revealed 67 items loaded high on 16 resilience factors confirming the scale's construct validity. These 16 resilience factors were self efficacy; problem solving; emotional regulation and impulse control; empathy and acceptance; optimism; goal and hope; meaningfulness; spirituality (above are the personal traits ); care and anticipation at school; meaningful interaction at school; familial caring and anticipation; meaningful familial interaction; community care and anticipation; meaningful interaction at community; pro-social peers; and meaningful peer interaction (above are the protective factors). The item-scale internal consistency was =0.940. Sixteen factors' internal consistency ranged from .967 to .620, confirming the scale's reliability. The procedure to choose the most highly loaded items led to final 48 items in the completed scale. The implications of the research results including spirituality as the most prominent factor and correlation among the factors are given. Some limitations of this study and suggestions for further research are mentioned.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 청소년 탄력성 척도를 개발하기 위하여 진행되었다. 먼저 청소년 탄력성에 대한 이론적 모델을 구성하기 위하여 관련 문헌을 개관, 정리하여 탄력성 요인을 개인 내적 특성과 외적 보호요인으로 구분하고 내적 특성 척도로는 지적 차원, 정서적 차원, 의지적 차원과 영성적 차원의 4개 차원으로 분류하였다. 지적 차원은 자기효능감 요인과 문제해결 요인을, 정서적 차원은 감정과 충동 조절 요인, 공감과 수용요인을, 의지적 차원은 낙관주의 요인, 목표와 희망 요인을, 영성적 차원은 의미추구 요인과 종교적 영성 요인을 포함하고 있다. 외적 보호요인 척도는 학교와 가정, 지역사회 차원에서 각각 돌봄의 관계와 기대 요인, 의미있는 상호작용 요인을 하위요인으로 포함하고 있으며, 또래차원은 또래의 친사회적 기대 요인과 긍정적 상호작용 요인을 하위요인으로 포함하고 있다. 이 모델에 따른 관련 요인을 측정하기 위한 114개의 예비문항 가운데 전문가의 내용타당도와 청소년들의 인지검사, 척도 전문가의 검토를 거쳐 104개의 문항이 선택, 수정되었고 이어 2차의 예비검사와 문항분석을 통해 97개의 문항이 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 이들에 대한 요인분석을 통하여 67개의 문항이 16개의 요인에 높은 요인부하를 가진 요인구조로 밝혀짐에 따라 청소년 탄력성 척도의 구인 타당도가 확인되었다. 전체 문항 신뢰도는 =0.940, 추출된 16개 요인의 요인별 신뢰도들은 .967～.620 으로 확인되었으며, 요인 간 상관관계도 검토되었다. 최종적으로 46개의 문항으로 이루어진 청소년 탄력성 척도가 구성되었다. 본 연구결과가 시사하는 바와 그 의의 및 제한점과 후속연구에 대한 제안들이 제시되었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "청소년의 학교생활 적응행동에 관련되는 사회ㆍ심리적 변인들의 구조적 분석" 충남대학교 대학원 박사학위 2001

2 "청소년의 탄력성 집단과 부적응집단에 따른 이점발견의 차이" 515-530, 2005

3 "청소년의 탄력성 발달 과정에서 희망과 삶의 의미의 효과 상담 및 심리치료" 465-490, 2004

4 "청소년 자활지원관을 이용하는 청소년의 리질리언스" 385-414, 2004

5 "질문지 작성 방법론" 교육과학사 2004

6 "지체부자유 청소년의 심리적 안녕감" 169-183, 2002

7 "정신병리를 차단하는 요인으로서의 탄력성" 113-127, 2001

8 "적응 유연한 청소년들의 심리적 보호요소 탐색" 189-206, 2002

9 "적응 유연성과 영적안녕 및 부모애착 간의 관계 상담 및 심리치료" 765-778, 2003

10 "자아탄력성에 따른 지각된 스트레스 대처 및 우울" 1997

11 "자아탄력성과 스트레스대처방식 및 심리적 성장환경의 관계" 143-161, 2003

12 "자기 효능감의 측정" 51-64, 1996

13 "심리치료에서의 종교와 하나님표상에의 접근 대상관계이론을 중심으로" 1293-1310, 2004

14 "심리적 성장환경과 자아개념이 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향" 1992

15 "심리검사의 이론과 기법" 동문사 2004

16 "심리검사 제작 및 사용 지침서" 중앙적성출판사 1998

17 "상담에서 영성의 문제 상담 및 심리치료" 1-13, 2001

18 "빈곤청소년의 학교적응유연성" 1998

19 "빈곤가정 청소년의 심리사회적 적응 위험요인과 보호요인의 탐색" 53-71, 2005

20 "문항반응 이론과 요인분석을 이용한 척도 개발 및 타당화" 2000

21 "문항 작성 방법론" 교육과학사 2000

22 "개발과 평가방법의 이해" 1996

23 "가정환경 역경과 청소년의 적응유연성 보호요소의 매개효과 검증" 71-84, 2003

24 "가정의 위험요소와 적응의 관계에서 자아 탄력성 실존적 영성의 매개효과 검증" 393-408, 2004

25 "Why positive psychology is necessary." 216-217, 2001

26 "Who rises above adversity? 1990 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture American Jourmal of Occupational Therapy" 493-503, 1991

27 "Toward an understanding of resilience A critical review of definitions and models Resilience and development: positive life adaptations." Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 17-83, 1999

28 "The role of protective factors in the school resilience of mexican american high school students" Stanford University 1993

29 "The pursuit of meaningfulness in life Handbook of Positive Psychology" In C Oxford University Press 2002

30 "The mediational effect of hardiness on social support and optimal outcomes in later life" 267-279, 2001

31 "The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environment Lessons from research on successful children" 205-220, 1998

32 "The construct of resilience implications for intervention and social politics" 2000

33 "The construct of resilience A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work" 543-562, 2000

34 "The Resilience Factor" 2002

35 "The Connor-Davison Resilience Scale : The Connor Development of a new resilience scale" Depression and Anxiety 76-82, 2003

36 "Spirituality and addiction recovery for rehabililtation counseling" 27-32, 2002

37 "Spirituality and Depression Symptoms in Adolescence a Longitudinal Evaluation of Potential" Yale University 2002

38 "Self-efficacy among urban African American early adolescents : Exploring issues risk" 719-739, 1993

39 "Role of spirituality and religiosity in family quality of life for families of children with disabilities" 95-108, 2004

40 "Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood Implications for substance abuse prevention" 64-105, 1992

41 "Risk and Resilience in Inner-City America: Challenges and Prospects"

42 "Resilience process in development" 227-238, 2001

43 "Resilience in the face of adversity Protective factors and resistence to psychiatric disorder British Journal of Psychiatry" 598-611, 1985

44 "Resilience in development Handbook of Positive Psychology" In C Oxford University Press 74-88, 2002

45 "Resilience in adolescents Protective roles of social support and social activities on experience of stress and depression" 343-363, 1999

46 "Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptation" Plenum 1999

47 "Resilience among abused and neglected chidlren grown up" 1021-1038, 2001

48 "Research on resilience to child maltreatment" 1999

49 "Religiosity, personality, and happiness: A study among Israeli male undergraduates Journal of Happiness Studies" 315-333, 2004

50 "Religion as a resource for positive development: Religion, Social capital, and moral outcomes." 703-713, 2004

51 "Reflections and commentary on risk and Resilience in Children and Adolescents-Process" Cambridge University Press 1996

52 "Psycho-spiritual well-being in patients with advanced cancer an integrative review of the literature" 69-80, 2003

53 "Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: Moderator effects and developmental change" 923-933, 1995

54 "Prospects and promises in the study of resilience" 497-502, 1993

55 "Positive Psychology: An introduction. On happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning" 7-8, 2000

56 "Perspectives from the Kauai longituidinal study" 503-515, 1993

57 "Multidimensional resilience in urban children exposed to community violence" 1265-1282, 2002

58 "Methodological issues in the assessment of life events A review of issues and research" 3 : 339-370, 1983

59 "Methodological issues in assessing resilience in maltreated children" 669-680, 1998

60 "Man's search for Meaning" Original work published 19761959

61 "Loss^and human resilience: Have we understand the haman capacity to thrive after extremely event?" 20-28, 2004

62 "Journal of Aolescent health" 626-631, 1993

63 "IQ and ego resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness." 349-361, 1996

64 "High Risk Children From Birth to Adulthood" Cornell University Press 1992

65 "Genetic and Environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation" 651-668, 2004

66 "Fostering resilience in kids Protective factors in the family" 1991

67 "Familiy adversity, positive peer relationships, and children's externalized behavior: longitudinal perspective on risk and resilience."

68 "Contributions form the study of children who overcome adversity" 425-444, 1990

69 "Construct Validity of the Adolescent Resilience Scale" 1217-1222, 2003

70 "Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego resiliency" 1067-1079, 1996

71 "Competent Kids: A Guide for Fostering Resilience" 2002

72 "Competence in the context of adversity pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence" 143-169, 1999

73 "Children in poverty resilience despite risk" 127-136, 1993

74 "Challenges to the definition of resilience 109th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association" 2001

75 "California Healthy Kids Survey Resilience Assessment Module Technical Report" 2001

76 "Authentic Happiness" Simon & Schuster 2002

77 "Attachment and Resilience as Predictors of Adjustment to College in College Freshmen" Northen Colorado university 2003

78 "Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies" 219-247, 1985

79 "Adolescent resilience: a conceptual analysis" 1-11, 2003

80 "Adolescent development: Pathway and processes of risk and resilience" 265-293, 1995

81 "A meta-analysis of resent studies Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion" 43-56, 2003

82 "A longitudinal study of high achieving socially disadvantaged children" 23-47, 1990

83 "A developmental perspective on personality in emerging adulthood" 1165-1177, 2002