성범죄자 치료프로그램의 주요원칙과 방향정립을 위한 이론적 고찰 = A Theoretical Examination of Sex Offender Treatment Program to Establish its Main Principles and Directions in Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 성범죄자를 대상으로 하는 치료프로그램의 주요원칙과 방향을 정립하고자 성범죄자 치료프로그램의 이론적 모델과 구성 내용 및 치료 과정을 종합적으로 개관하였다. 성범죄자 치료프로그램은 심리학적 역사와 궤적을 같이 하여서, 초기에 행동치료적 접근을 바탕으로 형성되기 시작하였고 이후 1980년대 재발방지모델이 등장하면서 본격적으로 발전하였다. 이후 위험성, 욕구, 반응성 이론을 바탕으로 오늘날의 인지행동치료의 기본적 토대가 형성되었으며, 최근에는 Good Lives Model: GLM 등이 등장하여 성범죄자의 결함보다는 장점을 강화하는 방향으로 치료접근이 이뤄지고 있다. 성범죄자 치료의 구성내용은 인지적 왜곡 수정, 피해자에 대한 공감능력 신장, 성적 일탈성 수정, 사회-정서적 기능 향상, 재발방지 능력 향상 등이 주를 이루며, 오늘날에는 치료자 특성, 치료접근 방법 및 분위기, 내담자 특성과 같은 치료 과정상의 문제가 치료의 효과성 향상을 위한 중요 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 국내 성범죄자 치료프로그램의 발전을 위해서는 성범죄자의 위험성과 반응성을 더욱 고려할 필요가 있으며, 특히 고위험군에게는 보다 강도 높은 프로그램이 투여될 필요가 있다. 또한 GLM에서 주창하듯이 성범죄자의 동기를 강화하기 위한 예비 프로그램을 실시한다면 이후 시행되는 치료프로그램의 효과를 더욱 높일 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study reviewed theoretical models of sex offender treatment program and its treatment components as well as significant factors that might affect therapy process. The purpose of theoretical review was to establish main principles and directions through which the Korean sex offender treatment programs can be improved and advanced. We reviewed the three main theoretical models for treating sex offenders: Relapse Prevention Model; Risk, Needs, Responsivity Model; Good Lives Model. Then we reviewed treatment components of sex offender group therapy, which was decreasing cognitive distortions and deviant sexual arousal that sex offenders have and increasing their victim empathy and socio-affective functioning and enforcing relapse prevention. Regarding the factors that affect therapy process we addressed characteristics of therapist and client, and therapeutic climate and approach. Lastly, based on the review made here, we derived two major principles that Korean sex offender treatment programs should pay attention to: considering Risk and Responsivity in administering sex offender treatment program; enforcing the motivation of sex offenders to participate in therapy and emphasizing the strength of sex offenders rather than their deficits.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 국가청소년위원회, "청소년의 위기를 기회로 만들어가는 인지행동 집단프로그램" 2005

2 법무부, "위치추적 전자장치 부착자를 위한 성범죄자 상담치료 프로그램 매뉴얼"

3 장철영, "아동성폭력범죄 예방을 위한 정책적 우선순위 결정: AHP 기법을 중심으로" 국가정책연구소 24 (24): 93-122, 2010

4 여성가족부, "아동․청소년 대상 성범죄자 재범방지 프로그램: 교정인지행동심리치료 및 향기치료 프로그램" 2010

5 여성가족부, "성폭력피해자 치유․가해자 교정프로그램 매뉴얼"

6 법무부, "성폭력사범 교육프로그램 개발" 2010

7 황태정, "성폭력범죄의 유형과 재범억제방안" 한국형사정책연구원 2007

8 여성가족부, "성폭력 가해자 교정․치료 프로그램 매뉴얼"

9 윤정숙, "성범죄자 재범방지를 위한 치료프로그램 개발연구" 한국형사정책연구원 2011

10 법무부, "생각바꾸기 매뉴얼"

11 법무부, "교정시설내 성범죄자 교정교화 프로그램 개발 연구" 2006

12 Hanson, R. K., "Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offense recidivism" 27 : 6-35, 2000

13 Becker, J., "What we know and don't know about assessing and treating sex offenders" 4 : 116-137, 1998

14 Abel, G. G., "Visual reaction time and plethysmography as measures of sexual interest in child molesters" 10 : 81-95, 1998

15 Knight, R. A., "Validation of a typology for rapists" 14 (14): 303-330, 1999

16 Marshall, W. L., "Treatment of sex offenders who are in categorical denial: A pilot project" 13 : 205-215, 2001

17 Marshall, W. L., "Treating sexual offenders: An integrated approach" Routledge 2006

18 Freud, "Three essays on the theory of sexuality, In The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7)" Hogarth Press 123-243, 1957

19 Frank, J. D., "Therapeutic factors in psychotherapy" 25 : 350-361, 1971

20 Beech, A., "Therapeutic climate of sex offender treatment programmes" 9 : 219-237, 1997

21 Marshall. W. L., "The social value of treatment for sexual offenders" 1 : 109-114, 1992

22 Marshall , W. L., "The role of attachments, intimacy, and loneliness in the etiology and maintenance of sexual offending" 25 : 73-85, 2010

23 Beech, A. R., "The rehabilitation of child sex offenders" 37 : 206-214, 2002

24 Andrews, D. A., "The psychology of criminal conduct (2nd ed.)" Anderson 1998

25 Kazdin, A. E., "The evaluation of psycho- therapy: Research design and methodology, In Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (3rd ed.)" Wiley 23-68, 1986

26 Lösel, F., "The effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: A comprehensive meta-analysis" 1 : 117-146, 2005

27 Fernandez, Y. M., "The child molester empathy measure: Description and an examination of its reliability and validity" 11 : 17-32, 1999

28 Langton, C. M., "The Denial and Minimization Checklist-Ⅲ: Scoring guidelines. Unpublished manuscript"

29 Ellis, H., "Studies in the psychology of sex: Vol. 2. Sexual inversion" Davis 1915

30 Johnston, L., "Social cognition and sexual offending: A theoretical framework" 8 : 55-80, 1996

31 Marshall, W. L., "Sexual offender treatment: A positive approach" Routledge 2008

32 McGuire, R. J., "Sexual deviations as conditioned behavior: a hypothesis" 3 : 185-190, 1965

33 Quayle, E., "Sex offenders, internet child abuse images and emotional avoidance: The importance of values" 11 : 1-11, 2006

34 Cortoni, F., "Sex as a coping mechanism and its relationship to loneliness and intimacy deficits in sexual offending" 1996

35 Weeks, R., "Self-reports of early childhood victimization among incarcerated adult male felons" 13 : 346-361, 1998

36 Andrews, D. A., "Risk principle of case classification in correctional treatment" 50 : 88-100, 2006

37 Beech, A. R., "Relationship between therapeutic climate and treatment outcome in group-based sexual offender treatment programs" 17 (17): 127-140, 2007

38 Hudson, S. M., "Relapse prevention: Assessment and treatment implications, In Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook" Sage 102-122, 2000

39 Prentky, R. A., "Rehabilitation of child molesters: A cost- benefit analysis" 60 : 108-117, 1990

40 Marshall, W. L., "Rehabilitating sexual offenders: A Strength-Based Approach" APA Books 2011

41 Looman, J., "Psychopathy, treatment change, and recidivism in high-risk, high-need sexual offenders" 20 (20): 549-568, 2005

42 Hare, R. D., "Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective" 18 : 623-645, 2000

43 Wong, S., "Psychopathic offenders, In Violence, crime, and mentally disordered offenders" Wiley 87-112, 2000

44 Gendreau, P., "Principles of effective correctional programming" 8 : 38-41, 1996

45 Marques, J. K., "Preventing relapse in sex offenders: What we learned from SOTEP's experimental treatment program, In Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook" Sage 321-340, 2000

46 Hanson, R. K., "Predictors of sexual recidivism: An updated meta-analysis" Public Safety Canada 2004

47 Morgan, R. W., "Predicting the outcomes of psychotherapy using the Penn Helping Alliance rating method" 39 : 397-402, 1982

48 Hanson, R. K., "Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies" 66 : 348-362, 1998

49 Frank, J. D., "Persuasion and healing (2nd ed.)" John's Hopkins University Press 1973

50 Ainsworth, M. D. S., "Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation" Erlbaum 1978

51 Day, A., "Offender emotion and self- regulation: Implications for offender rehabilitation programing" 15 : 119-130, 2009

52 Abel, G. G., "New Technology; The Abel Assessment for Interest in Paraphilias" Abel Screening 1995

53 Miller, W. R., "Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.)" Guilford Press 2002

54 DiClemente, C. C., "Motivational interviewing and the stages of change, In Motivational interview: Preparing people to change addictive behavior" Guilford Press 191-202, 1991

55 Garland, R. J., "Motivational intervention in the treatment of sex offenders, In Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behaviour" The Guilford Press 303-313, 1991

56 Tierney, D. W., "Motivation for behavior change among sex offenders: A review of the literature" 22 : 113-129, 2002

57 "MIDSA clinical manual" Bend, Augur Enterprises, Inc

58 Hobson, J., "How do psychopaths behave in a prison therapeutic community?" 6 : 139-154, 2000

59 Ward, T., "Good lives and the rehabilitation of sexual offenders: Promises and problems" 7 : 513-528, 2002

60 Ward, T., "Good lives and the rehabilitation of sexual offenders: A positive approach to treatment, In Positive psychology in practice" John Wiley 2004

61 Fernandez, Y. M., "Focusing on the positive and avoiding negativity in sexual offender treatment, In Sexual offender treatment: Controversial issues" John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 187-197, 2006

62 Marques, J. K., "Findings and recommendations from California's experimental treatment program. Unpublished manuscript, Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project"

63 Friendship, C., "Evaluation of a national prison-based treatment program for sexual offenders in England and Wales" 18 : 744-759, 2003

64 Levenson, J. S., "Engagement, denial, and treatment progress among sex offenders group therapy" 16 (16): 49-63, 2004

65 D'Silva, K., "Does treatment really make psychopaths worse? A review of the evidence" 18 (18): 163-177, 2004

66 Main, M., "Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern, In Affective development in infancy" Ablex 95-124, 1986

67 Hirschfeld, M., "Die homosexualitat des mannes und des weibes" L. Marcus Verlagsbuchhandlung 1920

68 Langton, C., "Denial and minimization among sexual offenders: Posttreatment presentation and associated with sexual recidivism" 35 : 69-98, 2008

69 Burt, M. R., "Cultural myths and supports for rape" 38 (38): 217-230, 1980

70 Gendreau, P., "Correctional treatment: Accomplishments and realities, In Correctional counseling and rehabilitation" Anderson Publishing Company 1997

71 Ford, M. E., "Comparative analysis of juvenile sexual offenders violent nonsexual offenders, and status offenders" 10 : 56-70, 1995

72 Marshall, W. L., "Cognitive-behavioral treatment of sexual offenders" Wiley 1999

73 Yates, P. M., "Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment and management of sex offenders" 12 (12): 195-232, 2003

74 Knight, R. A., "Classifying sexual offenders: The development and corroboration of taxonomic mode, In The handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender" Plenum Press 23-52, 1990

75 Cortoni, F., "Childhood attachments, juvenile sexual history and adult coping skills in sex offenders" 1995

76 Seligman. M. E. P., "Authentic happiness (2nd ed.)" Nicholas Brealey 2003

77 Bowlby, J., "Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment" Basic Books 1969

78 Hanson, R. K., "Assessing perspective-taking among sexual offenders, non-sexual criminals, and non-offenders" 74 : 259-277, 1995

79 Mann, R. E., "Approach versus avoidance goals in relapse prevention with sexual offenders" 16 (16): 65-75, 2004

80 Marshall, W. L., "An evaluation of the benefits of relapse prevention programs with sexual offenders" 8 : 209-221, 1996

81 Harkins, L., "A review of the factors that influence the effectiveness of sexual offender treatment: Risk, need, responsivity, and process issues" 12 : 615-627, 2007

82 Loh, C., "A prospective analysis of the relationship between male child sexual victimization and perpetration of dating violence and sexual assault in adulthood" 21 : 732-749, 2006

83 Hanson, R. K., "A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of treatment for sexual offenders: Risk, need, and responsivity" Public Safety Canada 2009

84 Macgowan, M. J., "A measure of engagement for social group work: The groupwork engagement measure (GEM)" 23 (23): 17-37, 1997

85 Maruna, S., "A fundamental attribution error? Rethinking cognitive distortions" 11 : 155-177, 2006

86 Ward, T., "A descriptive model of the offense chain for child molesters" 10 : 452-472, 1995

87 Marshall, W. L., "A combined treatment method for certain sexual deviations" 9 : 293-294, 1971