자존감, 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성과 심리적 적응과의 관계 탐색 = Relationship of Self-Esteem, Stability of Self-Esteem, Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Adjustment

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study distinguished the content and structural aspects of self-concept and examined the relationships between self-esteem, stability of self-esteem, and self-concept clarity, and the relationship between those variables and psychological adjustment. Self-concept was measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Stability of Self-Esteem Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. There was a significant correlation among the three variables. Hierarchical and multiple regressions were used, with subjective well-being and mental health index as criterion variables, to investigate the relationship between the three variables and the individual’s psychological adjustment. Hierarchical regression showed that after controlling for self-esteem, the stability of self-esteem strongly predicted subjective well-being and accounted for an additional variance; however, self-concept clarity did not explain any incremental variance. Multiple regression revealed that self-esteem is the most predictable variable for subjective well-being, but self-concept clarity did not show any significant relation. However, the mental health index constructed with depression, anxiety and stress had a discriminative pattern. Regression controlled for self-esteem and demonstrated that the stability of self-esteem and self-concept clarity explain any incremental variances. The variances were higher than those of self-esteem in every criterion variable. Multiple regression also showed that the stability of self- esteem is the most accountable variable in predicting the mental health index, and that the variance of self-esteem was lower than that of self-concept clarity. Finally, a number of implications, limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 자기개념의 내용적 측면과 구조적 측면을 구분하고, 이를 대표하는 구성개념인 자존감, 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성 간의 관계 및 이들 변인과 심리적 적응과의 관계를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 자존감 척도(RSES), 자존감 안정성 척도(SSES), 자기개념 명료성 척도(SCCS)로 자기개념을 측정한 결과, 세 변인 간에는 서로 유의미한 상관이 나타났다. 이들 변인과 개인의 심리적 적응과의 관계를 탐색하기 위해 주관적 안녕감과 정신건강 지표를 준거변인으로 하여 위계적회귀분석과 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며 주요 결과는 다음과 같았다. 먼저 주관적 안녕감의 경우, 자존감을 통제한 위계적회귀분석에서 자존감 안정성은 유의미한 증분 설명량을 보였으나, 자기개념 명료성은 증분 설명량을 나타내지 못했다. 다중회귀분석 결과 자존감은 주관적 안녕감을 예언하는 가장 중요한 변인으로 확인되었으며, 자기개념 명료성은 유의미하지 않았다. 하지만 우울, 불안, 스트레스로 구성된 정신건강 변인에서는 차별적인 패턴이 발견되었다. 자존감을 통제한 회귀분석에서 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성 모두 증분 설명량을 보였으며, 우울, 불안, 스트레스 모두에서 자존감보다 설명량이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 다중회귀분석 결과에서도 자존감 안정성이 정신건강 변인을 예언하는 가장 중요한 변인으로 나타났으며, 자존감의 설명력이 가장 낮았다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과에 대한 의의와 제한점, 그리고 추후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이훈진, "편집증적 경향, 자기개념, 자의식 간의 관계에 대한 탐색과 연구" 277-290, 1995

2 김수안, "탄력성 척도의 비교 및 탄력성과 정서적 특성과의 관계 탐색" 한국사회및성격심리학회 25 (25): 223-243, 2011

3 장재원, "자존감의 안정성 척도 개발 및 타당화" 한국상담심리학회 23 (23): 635-654, 2011

4 이수현, "자기 복잡성과 자기 개념 명료성이 심리적 적응에 미치는 영향" 서울대학교 대학원 2005

5 민경환, "성격심리학" 법문사 2002

6 권석만, "긍정 심리학" 학지사 2008

7 金正澤, "特性 不安과 社會性과의 關係" 고려대학교 대학원 1978

8 李宥姃, "性格特質이 氣分의 수준 및 변화성에 미치는 영향" 中央大學校 大學院 1995

9 Lyubomirsky, S., "What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem" 78 : 363-404, 2006

10 Kernis, M. H., "Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem" 14 (14): 1-26, 2003

11 Kernis, M. H., "There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem" 65 (65): 1190-1204, 1993

12 Campbell, J. D., "The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment" 71 (71): 115-140, 2003

13 Campbell, A., "The sense of well-being in America: Recent patterns and trends" McGraw-Hill 1981

14 Diener, E., "The satisfaction with life scale" 49 (49): 71-75, 1985

15 Polak, K. A., "The relationship between structural aspects of self-concept and psychosocial adjustment in adolescents from alcoholic families" 47 (47): 827-836, 2012

16 Argyle, M., "The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.)" Routledge 2001

17 Kernis, M. H., "The interactive roles of stability and level of self- esteem: Research and theory, In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.27)" Academic Press 93-141, 1995

18 Conley, J. J., "The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality and self-opinion" 5 (5): 11-25, 1984

19 Markus, H. R., "The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective" 38 : 299-337, 1987

20 Bigler, M., "The divided self revisited: Effects of self- concept clarity and self-concept differentiation on psychological adjustment" 20 (20): 396-415, 2001

21 Stinson, D. A., "The cost of lower self- esteem: Testing a self-and social-bonds model of health" 94 (94): 412-428, 2008

22 Bosson, J. K., "Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?" 79 (79): 631-643, 2000

23 Kernis, M. H., "Stability of self-esteem as a moderator of the relation between level of self-esteem and depression" 61 (61): 80-84, 1991

24 Trzesniewski, K. H., "Stability of self-esteem across the life span" 84 (84): 205-220, 2003

25 Kernis, M. H., "Stability and level of selfesteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility" 56 (56): 1013-1022, 1989

26 Showers, C., "Self-structure and self-change: Applications to psychological treatment" 35 (35): 167-184, 2004

27 Baumeister, R. F., "Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem" 57 : 547-579, 1989

28 Locke, E. A., "Self-esteem and work" 11 : 1-32, 1996

29 Campbell, J. D., "Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept" 59 (59): 538-549, 1990

30 Campbell, J. D., "Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates and cultural boundaries" 70 (70): 141-156, 1996

31 Woolfolk, R., "Self-complexity, self-evaluation, and depression: An examination of form and content within the self-schema" 68 (68): 1108-1120, 1995

32 Steffgen, G., "Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS): Psychometric properties and aggression correlates of a German version" 5 (5): 230-245, 2007

33 Rhodewalt, F., "Self- esteem and self-regulation: Toward optimal studies of self-esteem" 14 (14): 66-70, 2003

34 Wu, J., "Self- concept clarity: A longitudinal study of Hong Kong adolescents" 48 (48): 277-282, 2010

35 Kernis, M. H., "Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: Converging findings across three different markers" 76 (76): 477-512, 2008

36 이학식, "SPSS 18.0 매뉴얼" 집현재 2011

37 Judge, T. A., "Relationship of core self-evaluations traits-self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability-with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis" 86 (86): 80-92, 2001

38 Jordan, A., "Relation of depressive symptoms to the structure of self- knowledge in childhood" 105 (105): 530-540, 1996

39 Hayes, A. M., "Predictors of self-esteem variability" 28 (28): 369-385, 2004

40 McFarlin, D. B., "On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self-esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence" 52 (52): 138-155, 1984

41 Greenier, K. G., "Not all high (or low) self-esteem people are the same: Theory and research on stability of self-esteem, In Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem" Plenum 51-71, 1995

42 Kernis, M. H., "Multiple facets of self-esteem and their relations to depressive symptoms" 24 (24): 657-658, 1998

43 Kihlstrom, J. F., "Mental representations of the self, In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol.17)" Academic Press 1-47, 1984

44 Kernis, M. H., "Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self- esteem in psychological functioning" 73 (73): 1569-1605, 2005

45 Kernis, M. H., "Master of one’s psychological domain? Not likely if one’s self-esteem is unstable" 26 (26): 1297-1305, 2000

46 Spielberger, C. D., "Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory" Consulting Psychologists Press 1970

47 Orth, U., "Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood" 95 (95): 695-708, 2008

48 Orth, U., "Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes" 102 (102): 1271-1288, 2012

49 Waschull, S. B., "Level and stability of self-esteem as predictors of children’s intrinsic motivation and reasons for anger" 22 (22): 4-13, 1996

50 Greenwald, A. G., "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes" 102 (102): 4-27, 1995

51 Bracken, B. A., "Handbook of self-concept" Wiley 1996

52 Baumeister, R. F., "Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?" 4 (4): 1-44, 2003

53 Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales" 54 (54): 1063-1070, 1988

54 Nezlek, J. B., "Day-to-day relationships among self-concept clarity, self- esteem, daily events, and mood" 27 (27): 201-211, 2001

55 Wilson, W., "Correlates of avowed happiness" 67 (67): 294-306, 1967

56 Stopa, L., "Constructing a self: The role of self-structure and self-certainty in social anxiety" 48 (48): 955-965, 2010

57 이영호, "BDI, SDS, MMPI-D척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구" 10 : 98-113, 1991

58 Okada, R., "A meta-analytic review of the relation between self-esteem level and self- esteem instability" 48 (48): 243-246, 2010

59 Cohen, S., "A global measure of perceived stress" 24 (24): 385-396, 1983

60 Butler, A. C., "A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression" 66 (66): 166-177, 1994