공격성 및 분노대처행동과 주관적안녕감의 관계 = Relationships between Aggression, Anger-coping behaviors, and Happiness

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study investigated the relationships between aggression, anger-coping behaviors and happiness. Aggression consisted of four factors(Physical/Verbal aggression, Hostility, and Anger). Anger coping behaviors were classified into five factors(Rational coping, Aggressive expression, Avoidance, Emotional resolution, and Distraction). Happiness was assessed by the Satisfaction with life and the Positive/Negative affect. 387 undergraduates served as subjects. Relationships between aggression and happiness varied according to the aggression and happiness factors. Hostility showed the most negative correlation with happiness, and Physical aggression and Anger were also negatively correlated with happiness. However, when controlling for Hostility, Physical aggression and Verbal aggression were positively correlated with happiness, and Anger displayed no correlation. Hostility, Physical aggression, the Verbal aggression and Anger were positively correlated with Negative affect, but when controling for Hostility, the correlations were not significant. These results indicate the relationships between Aggression and happiness were caused by hostility. It seems that Hostility among all factors of Aggression had an especially strong effect on happiness. Among anger-coping behaviors, Avoidance was correlated with all happiness factors, negatively with the Satisfaction with life and the Positive affect, and positively with the Negative affect. The strongest predictor of happiness was Hostility in aggression and Avoidance in anger-coping behaviors. Some anger-coping behaviors(Avoidance, Distraction, and Rational coping) were significantly correlated with happiness after controling for aggression. The Implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이현희, "한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 22 (22): 935-946, 2003

2 서수균, "한국판 언어성 분노행동 척도의 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 26 (26): 2007

3 서수균, "한국판 공격성 질문지의 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 21 (21): 2002

4 Winnicott, D., "참자기와 거짓자기의 관점에서 본 자아왜곡, In 성장 과정과 촉진적 환경" 한국심리치료 연구소 1960

5 김혜영, "직장인의 자기계발 동기와 심리적 안녕감의 관계" 연세대학교 대학원 2009

6 Kohut, H., "자기의 회복" 한국심리치료 연구소 1977

7 권혁남, "분노에 대한 인간학적 고찰" 인간학연구소 19 (19): 77-105, 2010

8 고경봉, "분노대응 척도의 개발" 대한신경정신의학회 44 (44): 477-488, 2005

9 김교헌, "분노, 적개감 및 스트레스가 신체 건강에 미치는 영향" 2 (2): 79-95, 1997

10 김교헌, "분노 억제와 고혈압" 5 : 181-192, 2000

11 서수균, "대학생용 분노대처행동 척도 개발과 그 유용성" 한국상담심리학회 22 (22): 973-992, 2010

12 Fairbairn, R., "대상관계 관점에서 본 심리내적 구조. 성격에 관한 정신분석학적 연구" 한국심리치료 연구소 1944

13 권석만, "긍정심리학" 학지사 2008

14 Winnicott, D., "공격성과 그 뿌리. 박탈과 비행" 한국심리치료 연구소 1939

15 Earley, J., "공격성. 상호작용중심의 집단상담" 시그마프레스 2000

16 Karremans, J. C., "When forgiving enhances psychological well-being : The role of interpersonal commitment" 84 (84): 1011-1026, 2003

17 Mckay, M, Rogers, P. D., "When anger hurts" New Harbinger Publications, Inc 2003

18 Linden, W., "There is more to anger coping than"In"or"Out"" 3 : 12-29, 2003

19 Argyle, M., "The psychology of happiness(2nd ed. )" Routledge 2001

20 Enright, R. D., "The moral of development of forgiving, In The handbook of moral behavior and development" Erlbaum 123-151, 1991

21 Deffanbacher, J. L., "The expression of anger and its consequences" 34 (34): 575-590, 1996

22 Dinner, E., "The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness, In Advances in cell aging and gerontology" Elsevier 187-220, 2004

23 DiGiuseppe, R., "The diagnosis and treatment of anger in a cross-cultural context" 3 : 229-261, 1994

24 Novaco, R. W., "The cognitive regulation of anger and stress, In Cognitive Behavioral Interventions: Theory, research and procedures" Academic Press 1979

25 Hildingh, C., "The association among hypertension and reduced psychological well-being, anxiety and sleep disturbances : A population study" 24 : 366-371, 2010

26 Gottlieb, M. M., "The angry self : A comprehensive approach to anger management" Zeig, Tucker & Co. Press 1999

27 Rimland, B., "The altruism paradox" 51 : 521-522, 1982

28 Buss, A., "The aggression questionnaire" 63 : 452-459, 1992

29 Dinner, E, "The Satisfaction With Life Scale"

30 Tangney, J. P., "The Anger Response Inventory for Adolescent(ARI-A)" George Mason University 1991

31 Dinner, E., "Subjective well-being" 95 : 542-575, 1984

32 Cohen, S., "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis" 98 : 310-357, 1985

33 Spielberger, C. D., "State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-revised" Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc 1999

34 Deffenbacher, J. L., "Social skills and cognitive-relaxation approaches to general anger reduction" 41 : 386-396, 1994

35 Hazaleus, S, L., "Relaxation and cognitive treatments of anger" 54 : 222-226, 1986

36 Spielberger, C. D., "Rage boomerangs" 1 : 52-56, 1982

37 Yan, L. L., "Psychosocial factors and risk of hypertention. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study" 290 (290): 2138-2148, 2003

38 Greer, S., "Psychological attributes of women who develop breast cancer : A controlled study" 2 : 147-153, 1975

39 Pan, H. S., "Predicting mild and severe husband-to-wife physical aggression" 62 : 975-981, 1994

40 Dinner, E., "Personality and subjective well-being, In Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology" Russell Sage Foundation 213-229, 1999

41 Deffenbacher, J. L., "Overcoming situational and general anger" New Harbinger 2000

42 Van Coillie, H., "Multidimensional individual differences in anger-related behaviors" 41 : 27-38, 2006

43 Ellis, A. E., "How to control your anger before it controls you" Citadel Press 1997

44 Lyubomirsky, S., "How to be happiness" 지식노마드 2007

45 Rodin, J., "Health psychology" 40 : 533-579, 1989

46 Gentry, W. D., "Habitual anger-coping styles : Effect on mean blood pressure and risk for essential hypertension" 44 : 195-202, 1982

47 Perls, F., "Gestalt therapy" Bantam 1951

48 May, L. N., "Exploring the relationships among hurt reactivity, social adjustment, and psychological well-being" 4 (4): 50-57, 2007

49 Kuppens, P., "Every cloud has a silver lining : interpersonal and individual differences determinants of anger-related behavior" 30 : 1550-1564, 2004

50 Lucas, R. E., "Discriment validity of well-being measures" 71 : 616-628, 1996

51 Gencöz, T., "Direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being" 32 (32): 449-458, 2004

52 Watson, D., "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect : The PANAS scales" 54 : 1063-1070, 1988

53 Dinner, E., "Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self esteem" 68 : 653-663, 1995

54 Elliot, A. J., "Avoidance personal goals and the personality-illness relationship" 75 : 1282-1299, 1998

55 Elliot, A. J., "Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being" 23 : 915-927, 1997

56 Spielberger, C. D, "Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger, In Advances in personality assessment" Erlbaum 161-190, 1983

57 Novaco, R. W., "Anger control: the development and evaluation of an experimental treatment" DC Health 1975

58 Novaco, R. W., "Anger as a risk factor for violence among the mentally disordered, In Violence and mental disorder" The University of Chicago Press 1994

59 Allan, S., "Anger and anger expression in relation to perceptions of social rank, entrapment and depressive symptoms" 32 : 551-565, 2002

60 Berkowitz, L., "Aggression : Its cause, consequences, and control" McGraw-Hill, Inc 1993

61 Kammann, R., "Affectometer 2 : a scale to measure current level of generalhappiness" 35 : 259-265, 1983

62 Martin, R., "A three-factor model of trait anger : Dimensions of affect, behavior, and cognition" 68 : 869-987, 2000

63 Van Coillie, H., "A taxonomy of anger-related behaviors" 30 (30): 57-74, 2006