사띠(sati)와 사마디(samadhi)의 중도적 구조에 대한 연구 -초기불교와 현대심리학을 중심으로- = A Study on Middle-Path Structure in Sati and Samadhi

국문 초록 (Abstract)

붓다 가르침의 방식은 중도로 요약될 수 있다. 중도적 구조가 계정혜삼학에서 집중(定)인 사마디와 사띠에도 적용되고 있음을 밝히고자 하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 초기 불교의 집중(定)에 관해서는 많은 연구가 있어왔지만 사띠와 사마디를 대립되는 양변으로 보고 이를 통합하고 초월하는 중도적 관점에서 본 연구는 아직 없었다는 점에서 본 연구는 의미가 있다. 본고는 크게 세 부분으로 구성되어있다. 첫째, 사띠가 ``거리두기``를 중요한 요소로 가지는 집중임이며 이 거리두기의 요소가 현대심리학에서 마음챙김의 요소로 활용되고 있다. 둘째, 사마디는 밀착의 요소를 가진 집중이다. 셋째, 사띠와 사마디가 처음에는 ``거리두기``와 ``밀착``의 상반된 힘을 가지지만 ``올바른`` 차원 그리고 중도적 차원으로 갈수록 서로상입되고 통합된다. 요약하자면, 붓다가 지향했던 집중은 사띠와 사마디, 이 둘을 포괄하고 넘어선 중도적 집중이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Middle Path is the way how Buddha taught the dhammas. We can find this middle-way structure in many of Buddha`s teachings: Middle-way between asceticism and hedonism, between eternalism and annihilationism, and between being and non-being. This study shows that such middle-path structure is not only restricted to those mentioned above, but also can be seen in the relations between sati and samadhi. Precept(Sila), Concentration(Samadhi), and Wisdom(Panna) are the three supreme principles of Buddha`s teaching. Given that Precept is the prerequisite of Concentration and wisdom is the result of Concentration, we assume that Concentration is at the center of Buddha`s teaching and practice. Concentration consists of right samadhi and right sati. This indicates that clarifyng the meaning of samadhi and sati and the relationship between the two are very critical in Buddhist practice. The study examines that samadhi and sati have opposing factors to each other: sati has ``distancing`` factor while samadhi has ``adhering`` factor. In early Buddhism, Concentration has middle-way structure that combines and transcends these two contrary factors. Much research has been done on the topics of samadhi and sati, but most consider sati and samadhi as complimentary, not as contrary. None has taken the approach of seeing these two as contrary factors which later synthesized into concentration within a middle-path structure. This study consists of four parts: First part shows that sati is unique concentration which has ``distancing`` force in it and such distancing factor plays a key role in mindfulness induced psychotherapy, which scholars and researchers adopted from vipassana practice in western and psychotherapeutic context. Second is about samadhi. Samadhi is concentration with ``adhering`` force in both the Yoga and Buddhist practices. Third part is about the dimension of concentration. In the general dimension, sati and samadhi have contradictory forces, but when entering into ``right`` dimension, these two begin to penetrate into each other. And ultimately in the middle-path dimension they are combined and transcended within Concentration. This indicates that the concentration that Buddha sought is not either sati or samadhi only, but the middle-path Concentration that embraces and transcends both of them.