명대의 예제 질서에서 조선국왕의 위상 = The Status of the Joseon King in the Ming Dynasty Ritual System

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examines how the status of the King of Joseon was defined within the ritual system of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming government attempted to establish a highly centralized political system with the emperor at its apex. Its ultimate goal was to reinforce the bureaucratic structure of the government and to position every person in the world within a strict hierarchical order. An exception to this bureaucratic hierarchy was the order governing the members of the imperial family. The status of the Heir Apparent( 皇太子) or the Imperial Kings(親王) was determined by their position within the aristocracy. Unlike the personages of the imperial family, the vassal kings(蕃王) of all tributary countries such as Joseon were treated in a unique way within the ritual system of the Ming Dynasty: they were given positions based on both bureaucratic and aristocratic systems.
The Ming court granted the same title of “King of ○○(○○國王)” to all vassal kings. In order to differentiate their ranks, the royal protocol imposed strict regulations on court robe or seal for each vassal king. The King of Joseon received a nine-patterns court robe(九章冕服) and a golden seal capped with a tortoise knob. They symbolized the aristocratic status same as the imperial kings, the sons of the emperor. And the King ranked first or second within the bureaucratic hierarchy, which are expressed in the court dress and the size of the seal. The Ming’s guest ritual prescribed the rituals when the King attended the imperial audience. The vassal kings should stand next to the Imperial Kings in the court, and act in accordance with formalities based on the principle of equality with Imperial Kings and first and second rank officials.
It is likely that the ritual system of the Ming Dynasty followed the precedent of the Yuan Dynasty in deciding the status of the King of Joseon. The King of Goeyeo in the Yuan court concurrently held two positions: minister of Branch Secretariate (征東行省) as a bureaucratic post and imperial son-in-law (駙馬) as an aristocratic post.
Ming’s way of defining the status of the King of Joseon became the standard in the reformation of the bureaucratic structure and the ritual codes in the early Joseon period. The Joseon Dynasty accepted the ritual codes of the Ming Dynasty and adjusted their own system, which involved demoting the ranks of offices in relation to those of the Ming government.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• 1. 관복ㆍ인장을 통해 본 조선국왕의 예제적 위상
• 2. 빈례(賓禮)에 규정된 조선국왕의 예제적 위상
• 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

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