문화재 소유자의 재산권 존중과 공적 책무 = Property Rights and Public Responsibilities of Private Owners of Cultural Heritage

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Plight of cultural heritage is the controversy over private versus public property in Korea. As a matter of law, Article 23 of the Korean constitution stipulates that private ownership shall be subject to restrictions due to the public responsibilities or demands. Hence, private owners of cultural heritage bear the burden of public responsibilities regardless of the enjoyment of constitutional rights by nature. Moreover, Government and public hands owe the duty to protect the private ownership of cultural heritage and have the authority to impose the restrictions on the ownership for purposes of the public good under Constitution. With regards to the restrictions of the private ownership of cultural heritage, there may be a general concern of conflicts of interests between private owners and public hands. The questions that remain designation of cultural heritage, cultural heritage protection, and compensation by public hands are: the establishment of standards and limitation of infringement of private ownership. In addition, Article 2 Section 1 of Cultural Heritage Protection Act defines cultural heritage: The following shall be considered as ``cultural heritage``: a national, ethnic, and world heritage, formed artistically or naturally, and that has historical, academic, and scenic values. It is not clear, however, whether Government or public hands may set forth the connotation of the cultural heritage in terms of exertion of its authority under the law. As a result, the question of whether the private ownership of cultural heritages can be restricted is ambiguous and conflicted. Thus, the need to provide more concrete definition of the concept of cultural heritage under the current law is substantial. Otherwise, it is necessary to ensure that Government and courts consider careful way in application and interpretation of the current law without the technical or legislative solution in the case of any provisions of restrictions on the private ownership such as the designation of the cultural heritage. For the purpose of claiming the cultural nation under Constitution, Government has the authority to limit the private ownership by nature and legitimately. Nonetheless, the question is if the restrictions on the private right can be justified without appropriate compensation in the context of the characteristics of restrictions on private ownership. That is, there are two different perspectives on the restriction: General or abstract measure does not require any compensation, but public infringement does. To sum, in the absence of the clearly defined or interpreted definition of compensation for restricted private ownership of cultural heritages, it is necessary to consider legislative solution in order for avoiding conflicts of interest under Constitution and Cultural Heritage Act.

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