역기능적 자기초점 속성 척도의 개발 및 타당화 = Development and validation of dysfunctional self-focus attributes scale

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

To explain the dysfunction of increased self-consciousness, this study suggested three attributes, Low Focus Control(LFC), and Low Clear Awareness(LCA), Negatively Biased Focus(NBF) as key attributes of dysfunctional self-focus, and developed the Dysfunctional Self-focus Attributes Scale(DSAS) which measures these three attributes. Using preliminary data from a sample of 415 university students, explorative factor analysis and item selection process were performed. Using the final data from a sample of 266 university students, statistical analyses including confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis and correlational analysis were performed. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the three factors as predicted, and 2 weeks test-retest reliability and internal consistency were satisfactory. The three subscales of DSAS were positively correlated with rumination and depression, while negatively correlated with mindfulness. Implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions for further study are also discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 전겸구, "통합적 한국판 CES-D 개발" 6 (6): 59-76, 2001

2 김빛나, "탈중심화가 내부초점적 반응양식과 우울증상에 미치는 영향" 서울대학교 대학원 2008

3 이지영, "자기초점적 주의 성향 척도의 개발: 사회적 상황을 중심으로" 한국임상심리학회 24 (24): 451-464, 2005

4 신우승, "우울한 기분에서 취할 수 있는 내부 초점적 반응양식의 구분" 서울대학교 대학원 2006

5 김진영, "우울한 기분에 대한 두 가지 내부초점적 반응양식 : 반추적 반응양식과 반성적 반응양식" 서울대학교 대학원 2000

6 김은정, "우울증상 지속에 영향을 주는 인지 및 행동 변인들" 延世大學校 大學院 1993

7 김영아, "사적자의식 구인의 두가지 심리적 특성" 18 (18): 69-78, 1999

8 박성현, "마음챙김 척도 개발" 가톨릭대학교 대학원 2006

9 정승아, "‘부적응적 자기초점화 척도’의 개발 및 타당화 연구" 한국임상심리학회 23 (23): 471-482, 2004

10 Creed, A. T., "The two faces of private self-consciousness : Self-report, peer-report, and behavioral correlates" 12 : 411-431, 1998

11 Robinson, M. S., "The role of negative inferential style and stress-reactive rumination on negative inferences in the etiology of depression: Empirical investigation and clinical implications" Temple University 1997

12 Swinkels, A., "The measurement and conceptualization of mood awareness : Monitoring and labeling one's mood states" 21 : 934-949, 1995

13 Ramel, W., "The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive process and affect in patients with past depression" 28 : 433-455, 2004

14 Brown, K. W., "The benefits of being present : Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being" 84 (84): 822-848, 2003

15 Posner, M. I., "The attention system of the human brain" 13 : 25-42, 1990

16 Radloff, L. S., "The CES-D Scale : a self report depression scale for research in the general population" 1 : 385-401, 1977

17 Fan, J., "Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks" 14 : 340-347, 2002

18 Cheek, J. M., "Shyness and sociability" 41 : 330-339, 1981

19 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Sex differences in unipolar depression : Evidence and theory" 101 : 259-282, 1987

20 Pyszczynski, T., "Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style : A self-awareness theory of reactive depression" 102 : 122-138, 1987

21 Sakamoto, S., "Self-focusing situation and depression" 140 (140): 107-118, 2000

22 Ingram, R. E., "Self-focused attention in clinical disorders : review and a conceptual model" 109 : 156-176, 1990

23 Bogels, S. M., "Self-consciousness, self-focused attention, blushing propensity and fear of blushing" 21 : 573-581, 1996

24 Scheier, M. F., "Self-awareness, self-consciousness, and angry aggression" 44 : 627-644, 1976

25 Duval, T. S., "Self-awareness and causal attribution" Kluwer Academic 2001

26 Fenigstein, A., "Self-attention, concept activation, and the causal self" 20 : 231-245, 1984

27 Treynor, W., "Rumination reconsidered : A psychometric analysis" 27 (27): 247-259, 2003

28 Watkins, E., "Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression : effects of self-focus and analytic thinking" 110 (110): 353-357, 2001

29 Sutherland, K., "Rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory" 45 : 2407-1416, 2007

30 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Rethinking rumination" 3 : 400-424, 2008

31 Conner-Smith, J. K., "Responses to stress in adolescence : Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses" 68 : 976-992, 2000

32 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "Response to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes" 100 : 569-582, 1991

33 Fenigstein, A., "Public and private self-consciousness : Assessment and theory" 43 : 522-527, 1975

34 Trapnell, P. D., "Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality : distinguishing rumination from reflection" 76 : 284-304, 1999

35 Abbott, M. J., "Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment" 113 : 136-144, 2004

36 Greenberg, J., "Persistent high self-focus after failure and low self-focus after success : The depressive self-focusing style" 50 : 1039-1044, 1986

37 Conway, M., "On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness" 75 : 404-425, 2000

38 Raes, R., "Non-ruminative processing reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory retrieval in students" 46 : 748-756, 2008

39 Garnefski, N., "Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems" 30 : 1311-1327, 2001

40 Burnkrant, R. E., "Modifictions of the Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss Self Consciousness Scales" 48 : 629-637, 1984

41 Broderick, P., "Mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: Contrasts with rumination and distraction" 29 : 501-510, 2005

42 Luminet, O., "Measurement of depressive rumination and associated constructs, In Depressive Rumination: Nature, Theory and Treatment" John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2004

43 Lischetzke, T, "Is attention to feelings beneficial or detrimental to affective well-being?" 3 : 361-377, 2003

44 Watson, P. J., "Further contrasts between self-reflectiveness and internal state of awareness factors of private self-consciousness" 130 : 183-192, 1996

45 Salovey, P., "Emotional attention, clarity and repair. Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale, In Emotion, disclosure, and health" American Psychological Association 125-154, 1995

46 Lyubomirsky, S., "Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving" 69 : 176-190, 1995

47 Musallam, A. B., "Do millenial undergraduates's view of writing differ when surveyed online versus on paper?" 27 : 1915-1921, 2011

48 Smith, T. W., "Depression and self-focused attention" 5 (5): 323-331, 1981

49 Watkins, E., "Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population" 43 : 1577-1585, 2005

50 Bentler, P. M., "Comparative fit indices in structural models" 107 : 238-246, 1990

51 Ingram, R. E., "Cognitive therapy of depression from an information processing perspective, In Information processing approaches to clinical psychology" Academic Press 259-281, 1986

52 Ingram, R. E., "Cognitive clinical psychology: Implications of an information processing perspective, In Information processing approaches to clinical psychology" Academic Press 3-21, 1986

53 Silvia, J. P., "Are rumination and reflection types of self-focused attention?" 38 : 871-881, 2005

54 Browne, M. W., "Alternative ways of assessing model fit, In Testing structural equation models" Sage 136-162, 1993

55 Duval, S., "A theory of self-awareness" Academic Press 1972

56 Nolen-Hoeksema, S., "A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster : The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake" 61 : 115-121, 1991

57 Rosvold, H. E., "A continuous performance test of brain damage" 20 : 343-350, 1956