한국 노인의 비공식적 지원제공과 정신건강

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 많은 노인들이 건강하고 활동적이며 동시에 생산적 존재라는 관점에서 출발하였다. 노인에 대한 사회적 편견과 비공식적 지원제공의 개인적·사회적 가치에 대한 인식부족으로 노년층의 지원제공이 주변적인 사안으로 취급되어왔다는 점에 주목하여, 우리나라 노인들을 대상으로 노년기 비공식적 지원제공이 노인자신에게 미치는 영향을 탐색해보았다. 구체적으로 1)지원제공자의 성별, 2)제공되는 지원의 유형(정서적 지원, 도구적 지원), 3)지원수혜자와의 관계(자녀, 친족, 비친족), 4)정신건강의 하위차원에 따라 지원제공의 효과가 어떻게 달라지는지를 조사하였다. 충청남도 천안시에 거주하는 60세 이상 80세 미만의 노인 161명을 대상으로, 지원제공경험이 정신건강의 긍정적차원인 자기숙달감과 정신건강의 부정적 차원인 우울증에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 노년기 지원제공 경험이 항상 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것은 아니며, 노인의 성별에 따라, 제공되는 지원의 유형에 따라, 지원수혜자와의 관계에 따라, 그리고 정신건강의 하위차원에 따라 사회적 기원제공과 건강 간 관계가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 여성노인의 경우 지원제공은 수혜자와의 관계나 제공되는 지원의 유형에 상관없이 자기숙달감에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 6가지 지원유형 중 비친족에 대한 정서적 지원제공은 우울증을 낮추는 데에도 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 남성노인의 경우에는 수혜자와의 관계나 제공되는 지원의 유형에 상관없이 6가지 지원형태 모두에서 자기숙달감 또는 우울증과의 유의미한 관련성이 발견되지 않았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Most research on social relationships in older adulthood has focused on how receiving help from other people may enhance the well-being of older adults. The potential benefits of elders providing help to others, however, have received little attention The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of providing informal support to others on the mental health of older adults in Korea. Specifically, this study examined how the influence of giving support varied due to 1) gender differences among the providers of support, 2) differences in type of support given(instrumental or emotional support), and 3) differences in the nature of the relationship with recipients of support (children, kin, or nonkin). The respondents were 161 persons aged 60-79 residing in the community. Multivariate regression models controlling for physical health and several demographic variables were estimated. Results suggest that providing informal support to others is not always associated with positive effects on the mental health of Korean older adults. The benefits of providing support to others depend on the gender of the provider, the type of support given, and the type of the relationship with the recipient of support. The gender was found to be the most influential factor modifying the association between giving support and mental health. Providing informal support was clearly associated with benefits for older women. In contrast, providing support to others was not associated with mental health of older men.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이승미, "한국 노인의 사회계층별 건강상태와 사회적 지원의 영향에 관한 연구" 한국노년학회 22 (22): 135-157, 2002

2 최성재, "장수의 사회적 및 심리적 요인에 관한 탐색적 연구: 한국, 일본 및 핀란드 백세인의 특성 조사 연구" 한국노년학회 22 (22): 183-207, 2002

3 안종범, "은퇴패널자료 구축의 필요성과 방안" 한국노동연구원 2003

4 김정석, "세대간 지원교환의 형태와 노인의 생활만족도" 20 : 155-168, 2002

5 한경혜, "세대간 사회적 지원의 교환과 노인의 심리적 복지" 2 : 55-80, 2000

6 전혜정, "미국노인의 사회적 지원제공과 정신건강" 24 : 89-107, 2003b

7 윤순덕, "농촌노인의 생산적 활동과 심리적 복지" 한국노년학회 24 (24): 57-77, 2004

8 이형실, "농촌 노인의 세대간 사회적 지원 교환과 생활만족: 성별 및 연령집단별비교" 대한가정학회 41 (41): 57-69, 2003

9 강철희, "노령 노동자의 경제활동 참가에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구: 일부 선진 자본주의 국가들을 중심으로" 17 (17): 140-161, 2001

10 전혜정, "노년기 적응과 종교성" 8 : 161-192, 2003a

11 전혜정, "노년기 비공식적 지원제공에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구" 23 : 143-161, 2003c

12 "or is it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 1069-1081, 1989

13 Brody, "Women in the middle" 1990

14 Crimmins, E. M, "Trends in health and ability to work among the older working-age population" 54B : 31-40, 1999

15 Berkeley, "The reproduction of mothering university of California Press" 1978

16 "The relationship of divorced adult children with their elderly parents Journal of Divorce" 39-54, 1986

17 Ross, "The impact of the family on health The decade in review Journal of Marriage and the Family" 1059-1078, 1990

18 Bass, S. A, "The economic value of grandparent assistance" 20 : 29-33, 1996

19 Avlund, K, "The Impact of Structural and Functional Characteristics of Social Relations as Determinants of Functional Decline" 59 (59): 44-, 2004

20 Fukukawa, Y, "The Impact of Health Problems on Depression and Activities in Middle-Aged and Older Adults Age and Social Interactions as Moderators" 59 (59): 19-, 2004

21 Rowe, J. W, "Successful aging" Pantheon Books 1998

22 Phillips, J, "Social support in later life a study of three areas" 30 (30): 837-853, 2000

23 Su, Y, "Social relations and health assessments among older people Do the effects of integration and social contributions vary cross-culturally?" 52B : 27-36, 1997

24 Antonucci, T. C, "Social network, support, and integration" 2 : 505-515, 1996

25 Morgan, "Role reversals in the exchange of social support Journal of Gerontology" 1991

26 Garfein, A. J.,, "Robust aging among the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old" 50 : 77-87, 1995

27 Krause, N, "Religion, social support, and health among the Japanese elderly" 40 : 405-421, 1999

28 Krause, N, "Religion, aging, and health: Current status and future prospects" 52B : 291-293, 1997

29 McIntosh, B. R.,, "Race, gender, and the relevance of productive activity for elders' affect" 50B : 229-239, 1995

30 Lincoln, K. D, "Psychological distress among black and white Americans: Differential effects of social support, negative interaction and personal control" 44 (44): 390-, 2003

31 Krause, "Providing support to others and well-being in later life Journal of Gerontology" 300-311, 1992

32 Jun, H. J, "Productive role activity and mental and physical health among older adults" University of Wisconsin-Madison 2001

33 Jun, H. J, "Productive Role Activities in Older Adulthood" 9 : 37-45, 2003

34 Suggs, "Predictors of association among older siblings" 71-79, 1989

35 Rook. K. S, "Positive and Negative Social Exchanges" 52B : 167-169, 1997

36 Ikkink, K. K, "Perceived instrumental support exchanges in relationships between elderly parents and their adult children" 61 : 831-844, 1999

37 Davey, A, "Patterns of intergenerational exchange and mental health" 53B : 86-95, 1998

38 Lieberman, "Journal of Health and Social Behavior" 337-356, 1981

39 Reitzes, "Intergenerational support activities and well-being among the elderly A convergence of exchange and symbolic interaction perspectives" 117-130, 1984

40 "Intergenerational family support among blacks and whites Response to culture or to socio- economic differences Journal of Gerontology" 382-389, 1985

41 Logan, "Helping as a component of parent-adult child relations Research on Aging" 291-312, 1992

42 Antonucci, "Handbook of clinical gerontoloy" Pergamon Press 291-311, 1990

43 Keyes, C. L. M, "Generativity in adult lives: Social structural contours and quality of life consequences, Generativity and adult development: Psychosocial perspectives on caring for and contributing to the next generation" American Psychological Association 1997

44 McAdams, "Generativity among young" 221-230, 1993

45 Cummings, S. M, "Functional impairment as a predictor of depressive symptomatology" 28 : 23-32, 2003

46 Shi, "Family financial and household support exchange between generations" 468-480, 1993

47 Stoller, "Exchange pattern in the informal support networks of the elderly The impact of reciprocity on morale Journal of Marriage and Family" 335-342, 1985

48 Cutler, S. J, "Emerging social trends" Academic Press 462-480, 2001

49 Marks, N. F, "Does it hurt to care? Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being" 60 (60): 951-966, 1998

50 Lee, G.,, "Depression among older parents The role of intergenerational exchange" 57 : 823-833, 1995

51 Becker, G, "Creating continuity through mutual assistance" 58B : 151-159, 2003

52 Gallagher, "Comparing patterns of help given by older and younger adults Journal of Marriage and Family" 567-578, 1994

53 Greenberg, "Aging parents as family resources" 876-791, 1988

54 Herzog, "Age differences in productive activities Journal of Gerontology" 1989