지능의 관점과 교육적 시사 = Conceptions of Intelligence and Their Implications for Education

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, I review four conceptions of intelligence and their implications for education: psychometric perspective traced to A. Binet, J. Piaget`s cognitive developmental perspective, R. Sternberg`s triarchic theory of intelligence(information-processing perspective), and H. Gardner`s multiple intelligences perspective. The psychometric perspective on intelligence has sought common sources of variation among people and identified these sources as a unitary psychological attributes, or factors. But this has relatively little implications for education. In this perspective, definition of intelligence is not clear. Thus it is ambiguous to interprete IQ score. One more problem is that it is difficult to eliminate cultural biases in IQ tests. The Piagetian perspective on intelligence has focused on delineating what those cognitive structures might be at different stages of development and how they might evolve from one stage to the next. In this perspective, 1) individual differences in the same developmental stage is too big, 2) children`s cognitive development is different depending on their culture and socio-economic status, and 3) some test items of developmental stage are not appropriate and underestimate children`s cognitive development. Triarchic theory of intelligence is comprised of contextual, experiential, and componential subtheory. It helps students finding merits and demerits in terms of information processing, and delineating process or stage of information processing. But measures are not available yet. In the Multiple intelligences theory, Gardner uncovers seven kind of intelligences, which might change in different culture: logical-mathematical intelligence, linguistic intelligence, musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intellignece, and intrapersonal intelligence. Individual-centered school based on this theory, students could find their strong and weak intelligence in terms of the seven intelligences and use them in learning. Of the four, this perspective is the most relevant to the educational innovations.