e-learning 시대의 매체와 방법의 의미 재고 = Implications of Media and Method in e-Learning Age

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In 1983, Richard Clark evoked considerable controversy in the educational technology field with the publication of his article, Reconsidering research on learning from media. Clark challenged that media are delivery vehicles for instruction and do not directly influence learning. He also mentioned that media comparison studies, regardless of the media employed, tend to result in no significant difference conclusions. There is evidence that it is the method of instruction that leads more directly and powerfully to learning. Therefore, we should study attributes of media and their influence on the way that information is processed in learning. In the ensuing years, this issue has remained highly provocative and a continual subject of debate. Several positions presented in the past 14 years on media and learning show both increased sophistication in the debate on media influences and diversity in points of view. However, it boils down to the two major debaters: Clark and Kozma Robert K01lTla, in his refute to Clark, stated that capabilities of a particular medium, in conjunction with methods that take advantage of these capabilities, interact with and influence the ways learners represent and process information and may result in a more or different learning when one medium is compared to another for certain learners and tasks. Clark argued that method is different from medium while Kozma insisted that the separation of media from method creates an unnecessary and undesirable schism between the two. Media and method should have a more integral relationship. Both are part of the instructional design. My position as a researcher of the debate on influences of media is not one of yes or no, but rather taking Clark``s view as a stop sign in adopting a new medium in an educational setting. He made us stop and think before we move 10 employ a new medium. Why are we going to use this new medium? Is there any other medium that can bring the same result or effect? What do we expect from this new medium? On the basis of these fundamental questions in our mind, we can plan, design, develop, and implement a new me-dium in our educational setting with efficiency and efficacy. Kozma``s view will certainly contribute in the stage of design and development Kozma is saying that media comprise a separate independent variable that can 00 found to profoundly influence learning. And, if the media are well controlled and/or employed, they can result in improved learning over conventional forms of classroom teaching. The debate is not over yet, it will continue far into the future. Educational technologists should remain flexible and o~ to developments from all sources and not· to be solely at-tracted to one position. Researchers also need to do more careful studies of instructional tasks to see what information needs to be encoded and how media attributes to provide students with the information they need to learn.