韓國 腹藏의 密敎 尊像 安立儀禮적 성격 고찰 = Rethinking Korean bokjang as Pratiṣṭhā or the Ritual of Image-Installation in Indian Esoteric Buddhism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

What does it make a buddha image into a buddha? This question has been hotly discussed since the 1990s centering on the installation ritual of Buddhist images in Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism or on the objects yielded from inner recesses of Chinese and Japanese Buddhist images. There are few textual evidences for such rituals for Chinese and Japanese examples, making it difficult to examine scriptural basis or doctrinal background of them. In contrast, the Korean tradition of bokjang or the practice of interring objects within Buddhist images provides us a rare opportunity to compare a ritual manual called Josang gyeong with extant bokjang deposits yielded from Goryeo and Joseon Buddhist statues. The distinctive composition of the bokjang, shown in both the ritual manual and remaining objects, has led scholars to characterize this important ritual tradition as a unique product of Korean Buddhism. Most Korean scholars define bokjang as consecration, a ritual to invest a material image with sacred presence of the divine. This view accords well with a pervasive explanatory model in the Western academia that often describes the consecration as a ritual tool to animate, enliven, or empower an inert image. The emergence of this view, which I call a ritualistic view of Buddhist images, marks a significant turning point in the history of Korean Buddhist image-making practices. I have argued elsewhere that a ritual idea, derived from late Indian Esoteric Buddhism and transmitted to the Korean peninsula through Chinese translations of scriptures and manuals during the Song and Liao periods, have played a vital role in the transformation of Korean Buddhists’ perception of Buddhist images. This article aims to reconsider the overall structure of the bokjang ritual in light of pratiṣṭhā or the ritual of image-installation in Indian Esoteric Buddhism. This line of inquiry helps us better understand how the formation of bokjang ritual and its spread transformed the medieval Korean perception of Buddhist images and the practice of making images.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 머리말
• II. 고려시대 불복장의 구성
• III. 『조상경』과 밀교계 경전, 복장물의 관계
• IV. 안립의궤로서의 『조상경』, 안립의례로서의 불복장
• V. 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• ABSTRACT

참고문헌 (Reference)

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2 이선용, "우리나라 불복장의 특징" 한국미술사학회 289 (289): 93-120, 2016

3 정은우, "고려시대 불복장의 특징과 형성배경" 한국미술사학회 286 (286): 31-58, 2015

4 김수연, "高麗時代 灌頂道場의 사상적 배경과 특징" 한국사상사학회 (42) : 105-134, 2012

5 이승혜, "高麗時代 佛腹藏의 形成과 意味" 한국미술사학회 285 (285): 71-100, 2015

6 태경스님, "造像經: 佛腹藏의 節次와 그 속에 담긴 思想" 운주사 2006

7 "造像經"

8 "妙吉祥平等祕密最上觀門大敎王經"

9 "佛說陀羅尼集經"

10 "佛說一切如來安像三昧儀軌經"

11 최선아, "『주문(呪文), 상(像), 만다라(曼茶羅): 밀교(密敎) 의례의 전개과정』" 인문과학연구소 37 (37): 213-223, 2016

12 Strickmann, Michel, "Mantras et mandarins: Le bouddhisme tantrique en Chine" Gallimard 1996

13 Mori, Masahide, "From Material to Deity: Indian Rituals of Consecration" Manohar 2005

14 Robson, James, "Buddhism Across Asia: Networks of Material, Intellectual, and Cultural Exchange 1" Institute of South Asia Studies 2014