유아의 인지적 실행기능 및 정서적 실행기능과 자기 조절간의 관계 = 만 3-5세 유아의 발달 차이를 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined the relationships between children`s cool executive function(cool EF), hot executive function(hot EF) and self-regulation according to the developmental changes. Children aged 3-5 years (N=104) participated in this study. The participants completed cool and hot EF tasks and teachers reported on the children`s cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, and behavioral regulation by means of questionnaires. The results indicated that cool EF and hot EF had different developmental patterns according to different age groups. High levels of cool/hot EF predicted better abilities in terms of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral regulation respectively. The relationship between coo/hot EF and cognitive/behavioral regulation were moderated by age, except in the case of emotional regulation. This paper also offers a detailed discussion of results and recommendations for future studies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이명진, "자기조절 연구의 현황과 과제" 교육문제연구소 (39) : 161-193, 2011

2 공영숙, "유아의 기질과 어머니 양육태도가 유아의 문제 행동 및 친사회적 행동에 미치는 영향-인지적 실행기능의 매개효과를 중심으로-" 한국유아교육학회 32 (32): 351-375, 2012

3 이현진, "억제통제와 마음이론의 발달" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 26 (26): 293-311, 2013

4 Gao, S., "Young children’s affective decision-making in a gambling task：Does difficulty in learning the gain/loss schedule matter?" 24 : 183-191, 2009

5 Kieras, J. E., "You can’t always get what you want, Effortful control and children’s responses to undesirable gifts" 16 (16): 391-396, 2005

6 Schmeichel, B. J., "Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience" 95 (95): 1526-1540, 2008

7 Hofmann, W., "Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior：Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes" 95 (95): 962-977, 2008

8 Leve, L. D., "Using an adoption design to separate genetic, prenatal, and temperament influences on toddler executive function" 49 (49): 1045-1057, 2013

9 Simpson, A., "Under what conditions do young children have difficulty inhibiting manual actions?" 43 (43): 417-428, 2007

10 McIntyre, L. L., "Transition to school：Adaptation in young children with and without developmental delays" 50 : 349-361, 2006

11 Frye, D., "Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning" 10 : 483-527, 1995

12 Miyake, A., "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex"Frontal Lobe"tasks：A latent variable analysis" 41 : 49-100, 2000

13 Bechara, A., "The role of emotion in decision-making：Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofronal damage" 55 : 30-40, 2004

14 Moon, I., "The relationship between palyfulness, fantasy-making predisposition and behavioral self-regulation of 5-year-olds" Keimyung University 2007

15 Gerstadt, C, L., "The relationship between cognition and action; Performance of children 3. 5-7 years old on a stroop like day-night test" 53 : 129-153, 1994

16 Clark, L., "The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex：Decision-making and reversal learning" 55 : 41-53, 2004

17 Zelazo, P. D., "The dimensional change card sort (DCCS)：A method of assessing executive function in children" 1 : 297-301, 2006

18 Zelazo, P., "The development of executive function in early childhood" 68 : 1-137, 2003

19 Brock, L. L., "The contributions of ‘hot' and ‘cool' executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kinder-garten" 24 : 337-349, 2009

20 Brock, L. L., "The contributions of ‘hot' and ‘cool' executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related be-haviors, and engagement in kinder-garten" 24 : 337-349, 2009

21 Epsy, K. A., "The contribution of executive functions to emergent mathematic skills in preschool children" 26 : 465-486, 2004

22 Todd, R. M., "The changing face of emotion：Age-related patterns of amygdala activation to salient faces" 2010

23 Olson, S. L., "Teacher ratings of behavioral self-regulation in preschool children：A Japanese/U. S. comparison" 21 (21): 609-617, 2000

24 Pieper, J. R., "Preschool children with lower executive function may be more vulnerable to emotional-based eating in the absence of hunger" 62 : 103-109, 2013

25 Blair, K. A., "Playing it cool：Tem-perament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers" 42 (42): 419-443, 2004

26 Carlson, S. M., "Neural Correlates of Decision Making on a Gambling Task" 80 (80): 1076-1096, 2009

27 Flavell, J. H., "Metacognitive monitoring; A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry" 34 : 906-911, 1979

28 Karoly, P., "Mechanisms of self-regulation：A systems view" 44 : 23-52, 1993

29 Carlson, S. M., "Less is more：Executive function and symbolic representation in young children" 16 : 609-616, 2005

30 Bridgett, D. J., "Intergrating and differentiating aspects of self-regulation：EC, EF, and links to negative affectivity" Emotion, Advance onlin publication 2012

31 Müller, U., "Interference control in a new rule use task：Age-related changes, labeling, and attention" 75 : 1594-1609, 2004

32 Carlson, S. M., "Individual differences in inhibitory control and children’s theory of mind" 72 : 1032-1053, 2001

33 Geurts, H. M., "Hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with ADHD：Decision-making and inhibition" 34 : 813-824, 2006

34 Bernier, A., "From external regulation to self-regulation：Early parenting precursors of young children's executive functioning" 81 : 326-339, 2010

35 Hofmann, W., "Executive functions and self-regulation" 16 (16): 174-180, 2012

36 Zelazo, P. D., "Executive function in typical and atypical development, In Handbook of childhood cognitive development" Blackwell 445-469, 2002

37 Garon, N., "Executive Function in Preschoolers：A Review Using an Integrative Framework" 134 (134): 31-60, 2008

38 Beck, D. M., "Executive Function in Preschool Children：Test-Retest Reliability" 12 (12): 169-193, 2011

39 Allan, N. P., "Examining the Dimensionality of Effortful Control in Preschool Children and Its Relation to Academic and Socioemotional Indicators" 905-915, 2011

40 Ursache, A., "Emotional reactivity and regulation in infancy interact to predict executive functioning in early childhood" 1-10, 2012

41 Thompson, R. A., "Emotion regulation：A Theme in search of definition, In The development of emotion regulation：biological and behavioral considerations" 25-52, 1994

42 Blair, C., "Effortful control, executive function, and false belief under-standing to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten" 78 (78): 647-663, 2007

43 Kochanska, G., "Effortful control in early childhood：continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development" 36 : 220-232, 2000

44 Stevens, C., "Differences in the neural mechanisms of selective attention in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds：An event-related brain potential study" 12 : 634-646, 2009

45 Prencipe, A., "Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence" 108 : 621-637, 2011

46 Perlman, S. B., "Developing connections for affective regulation：Age-related changes in emotional brain connectivity" 108 : 607-620, 2011

47 Liebermann, D., "Cognitive and emotional aspects of self-regulation in preschoolers" 22 : 511-529, 2007

48 Calkins, S. D., "Caregiver influences on emerging emotion regulation：biological and environmental transactions in early development, In Handbook of emotion regulation" Guilford Press 229-248, 2007

49 Cunningham, W. A., "Attitudes and evaluations：A social cognitive neuroscience perspective" 11 : 97-104, 2007

50 Hongwanishkul, D., "Assessment of Hot and Cool Executive Function in Young Children：Age-Related Changes and Individual Differences" 28 (28): 617-644, 2005

51 Miller, E. K., "An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function" 24 : 167-202, 2001

52 Hooper, C. J., "Adolescents’ Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task：Implications for the Development of Decision Making and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex" 40 (40): 1148-1158, 2004

53 Metcalfe, J., "A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification：Dynamics of willpower" 106 : 3-19, 1999

54 Blair. C., "A Bidrectional model of executive functions and self-regulation. Handbook of self-regulation：research, theory, and applications" The Guilford Press 2011

55 양옥승, "3~6세 유아의 자기조절력 측정척도 개발" 미래유아교육학회 13 (13): 161-187, 2006