유럽 정체성의 규범적 기초: 하버마스의 헌정적 애국주의를 중심으로 = On the Normative Basis of European Identity: Jürgen Habermas's Constitutional Patriotism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims at systematically highlighting the concept of constitutional
patriotism proposed by Jürgen Habermas. The European Union is in need of
drawing voluntary cooperation not only of member states but also of European
citizens. This is especially the case as the integration is no longer solely about the promotion of economic cooperation but now includes politically sensitive issues
which has been considered essential to the maintenance of sovereignty of member
states. It is against such a backdrop that many scholars and commentators are
proposing ways of forging a sense of common belonging among citizens with
diverse political, national and cultural backgrounds. In contrast to more traditional
type of identity which, based on common history, culture or language, emphasizes
emotional attachment to one's own community, constitutional patriotism avoids
becoming exclusive and aggressive by putting greater stress on universal and
rational principles and institutions like human rights, freedom, democracy as the
object of identification. Such an attempt to build a new identity, however, has its
own difficulties, for constitutional patriotism as rational and universal identity raises
a dilemma that defies an easy resolution. In particular, two questions arise here.
First, is constitutional patriotism realistic enough? Second, is constitutional
patriotism normatively valid? If so, on what grounds? How can we explain and
justify the normative basis of constitutional patriotism? On the first question,
Habermas offers a persuasive answer, drawing upon his general social theory. He
claims it is fairly possible to bring constitutional patriotism into existence thanks to
the overall increase in citizens' reflexive and critical ability in modern society. On
the second question, on the other hand, his answer remains inconclusive, giving rise
to confusion over the interpretation of the concept. To be more exact, the dilemma
can be formulated as follows. Constitutional patriotism takes universal impartiality
as its normative ideal. It is, however, also an attitude of loyalty and commitment to
one's own community and its members. How, then, can we reconcile these
conflicting claims of constitutional patriotism? To provide an proper answer to such
a question, we need to go beyond Habermas's own account and to discuss and assess
the normative validity of constitutional patriotism in the context of
cosmopolitanism-communitarianism debate. That way, we can understand how it is
possible for a citizen to remain loyal to his or her own community without having to
give up cosmopolitan impartiality. We can also expect to have an opportunity to
think not only about the question of European identity but also about the problem of
“ethics of identity” in general.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은유럽정체성에관한최근의다양한논의들중특히위르겐하버마스등이제안한헌정적
애국주의(constitutional patriotism) 개념을 체계적으로 조명한다. 오늘날 유럽연합은 회원국
정부들뿐만 아니라 각 회원국 시민들, 즉 유럽시민들의자발적인 협력을 이끌어내야 할 필요성에 직
면하고있으며, 이에따라서로다른정치적, 민족적, 문화적배경을가진시민들에게일정한소속감
을 불러일으킬 방안이 다양하게 제시되고 있다. 이러한논의들 중 헌정적 애국주의는 공통의 역사와
문화, 언어 등을 중심으로 정서적인 친밀감을 형성하는것을 목표로 하는 전통적인정체성과는 달리
인권, 자유, 민주주의 등 보편적이고 합리적인 원칙과 제도를 정체성의 대상으로 삼음으로써 민족정
체성, 국가정체성의 배타적인 속성을 극복하려 한다. 하버마스는 현대사회에서 반성적, 비판적 능력
의 향상으로 인해이러한 새로운 정체성의 실현이 충분히 가능하다고 주장한다. 본논문에서는 특히
보다 일반적이고 추상적인 차원에서 헌정적 애국주의의 규범적 정당성을 이해할 것을 제안한다. 이
를 위해 본 논문에서는 세계시민주의와 공동체주의 간 논쟁의 틀 속에서 헌정적 애국주의를 평가할
것을제안한다. 이러한시도를 통해 세계시민주의의 불편부당성을 옹호하는 헌정적 애국주의가 특정
국가나공동체에대한충성과헌신을어떻게정당화할수있는지보다잘이해할수있다. 또한유럽
정체성의 문제를 보다 잘 이해할 뿐만 아니라 “정체성의 윤리학” 일반에 대해 체계적으로 생각해볼
수있는기회를얻을수있을것이다. 이를위해본논문에서는유럽정체성에관한기존논의를간략
하게 개관한 후 헌정적 애국주의라는 새로운 정체성의 현실적 가능성에 관한 하버마스의 주장에 주
목한다. 또한 헌정적 애국주의의 규범적 기초를 국제규범이론의 틀에서 살펴는 가운데 특히 규범적
정당성의 측면에서헌정적 애국주의의세계시민주의적인 측면과애국주의적인측면의화해가어떻게
가능한지의 질문에 대한 답변을 모색한다.

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