성인자녀와의 관계가 부모의 정신건강에 미치는 영향: 미국 종단자료의 분석 = Parent-Adult Child Relationships and Mental Health among Older Parents: A Longitudinal U.S. National Study

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aimed to examine the associations between parent-adult child relationships and mental health among parents, with moderating effects of retirement status on these associations. OLS regression models were estimated using data from 1,257 parents in National Survey of Families and Households (T1: 1987-88; T2: 1992-93). Results indicated that poor relationship with an adult child was associated with a greater increase in depression, a greater decrease in happiness, and lower levels of psychological wellness over time. Communication was associated with lower levels of psychological wellness of parents. Economic stress of adult children was linked to a greater decrease in happiness of parents. Proximity was associated with lower levels of depression of newly retired parents compared to continuously working parents. Gaining coresident adult children between T1 and T2 was associated with a greater increase in depression of parents. Having coresident adult children exit the household between T1 and T2 was linked to lower levels of psychological wellness of parents; however, it was also associated with somewhat decrease in depression among continuously retired parents compared to continuously working parents. Findings suggest parent-adult child relationships are associated with mental health of older parents over time, sometimes contingent on their retirement status.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

다수의 선행연구들이 사회적 관계와 정신건강의 밀접한 관련성을 입증해 왔음에도 불구하고, 성인자녀와의 관계가 부모의 정신건강에 미치는 영향에 관한 미국 내 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 성인자녀와의 관계의 다양한 측면이 부모의 정신건강에 미치는 영향 및 이에 부모의 은퇴여부가 미치는 중재효과를 살펴봄으로써, 성인자녀와의 관계 특성이 미국 노인의 정신건강에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 미국의 대표성 있는 종단자료인 National Survey of Families and Households (T1: 1987-1988; T2: 1992-1993)의 응답자중 50세 이상이며, 자녀가 모두 성인기에 있는 1,257명의 부모들의 자료를 분석하였다. 회귀분석 결과, T1 시점에서 성인자녀와의 전반적 관계를 낮게 평가한 부모들은 이후 우울감의 증가, 행복감의 감소, 낮은 심리적 복지감을 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 성인자녀와의 빈번한 대화는 부모의 낮은 심리적 복지감과 관련되었으며, 성인자녀의 경제적 어려움은 부모의 행복감을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, T1과 T2 사이에 은퇴 전이를 경험한 부모들은 근접 거리에 거주하는 성인자녀가 있는 경우 우울감이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 성인자녀와의 동거 경험은 부모의 우울감의 증가 및 낮은 심리적 복지감과 관련되었다. 반면, T1과 T2에 걸친 기간동안 지속적으로 은퇴 상태였던 부모들은 성인자녀와의 동거 경험이 우울감의 감소를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 일련의 결과들은 부모-성인자녀 관계의 다양한 측면들이 미국 노인들의 정신건강을 예측하는 중요한 요인임을 입증하는 바이며, 일부 유의하게 나타난 은퇴여부의 중재효과는 부모-성인자녀 관계의 특정한 측면들이 취업상태인 부모들에 비해 은퇴한 부모들의 정신건강에 더욱 유의한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 암시한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Simon, "salience of parental identity and gender differences in psychological distress Journal of Health and Social Behavior" 25-35, 1992

2 Krause, "and psychological distress in later life" 315-326, 1990

3 Lawton, "and geographic distance between adult children and their parents Journal of Marriage and the Family" 57-68, 1994

4 Pillemer,K, "Will I ever escape my child s problems? Effects of adult children s problems on elderly parents" 53 : 585-594, 1991b

5 Adelaide, "Well-being of elderly Australians The role of parent-adult child contacts Australian Journal on Aging" 1994186-189

6 Waterman, "Two conceptions of happiness Contrasts of personal expressiveness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology" 678-691, 1993

7 How infants change families, "Transition to parenthood" 1981

8 Silverstein,M, "Too much of a good thing? Intergenerational social support and the psychological well-being of older parents" 58 : 970-982, 1996

9 Ryff,C.D, "The structure of psychological well-being revisited" 69 : 719-727, 1995

10 Hogan,D.P, "The structure of intergenerational exchanges in American families" 98 : 1428-1458, 1993

11 Marcussen, K, "The role of identity salience and commitment in the stress process" 47 : 289-312, 2004

12 Rook,K.S, "The negative side of social interaction:Impact on psychological well-being" 46 : 1097-1108, 1984

13 Elder, G. H., Jr, "The life course and human development" 939-991, 1998

14 Elder, G. H., Jr.,, "The life course and aging" 49-81, 2003

15 Ross, "The impact of the family on health The decade in review Journal of Marriage and the Family" 1059-1078, 1990

16 Ha,J-H, "The effect of parent-child geographic proximity on widowed parents psychological adjustment and social integration" 27 : 578-610, 2005

17 Ambert,A, "The effect of children on parents" Haworth 1992

18 Sweet, "The National Survey of Families and Households Waves 1 and 2 Center for Demography and Ecology University of Wisconsin-Madison" 1996

19 Sweet, "The Design and Content of the National survey of families and Households Center for Demography and Ecology University of Wisconsin" 1988

20 Radloff,L.S, "The CES-D Scale:A self-rated depression scale for research in the general population" 1 : 385-401, 1977

21 Daniels, "Sooner or later The timing of parenthood in adult lives" 1983

22 Carstensen,L.L.,, "Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life" 27 (27): 103-123, 2003

23 Sherman,A.M, "Social relations and depressive symptoms in older adults with osteoarthritis" 56 : 247-257, 2003

24 Beckett, M. K.,, "Social environment, life challenge and health among the elderly in Taiwan" 55 : 191-209, 2002

25 Krause,N, "Social class differences in social support among older adults" 35 : 498-508, 1995

26 Kivett,V.R, "Situational nfluences on the morale for older rural adults in child-shared housing A comparative analysis" 22 : 100-106, 1982

27 & Suitor, "Sharing a residence with an adult child A cause of psychological distress in the elderly? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry" 144-148, 1991a

28 Thoits, P.A, "Self, identity, stress, and mental health ,Handbook of the sociology of mental health" 345-368, 1999

29 Winship,C, "Sampling weights and regression analysis" 23 : 230-257, 1994

30 Umberson,D, "Relationships between adult children and their parents:psychological consequences for both generations" 54 : 664-674, 1992

31 Dewit,D, "Physical distance and social contact between elders and their adult children" 10 : 56-80, 1988

32 Davey,A& Eggebeen, D, "Patterns of intergenerational exchange and mental health" 53 : 86-95, 1998

33 Rossi, "Parent-child relationships across the life course" 1990

34 Aquilino,W.S, "Parent-child relations and parent's satisfaction with living arrangements when adult children live at home" 53 (53): 13-27, 1991

35 Keyes C.L.M.,, "Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions" 82 : 1007-1022, 2002

36 Thoits,P.A, "Multiple identities and psychological well-being:A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis" 48 (48): 174-187, 1983

37 Levitt, "Journal of Family Issues" 465-481, 1992

38 Cramer, "Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology" 1-15, 1993

39 Settersten, R.A., Jr, "Invitation to the life course Invitation to the life course Toward new understanding of later life" Baywood Publishing 2003

40 Chen,X, "Intergenerational social support and the psychological well-being of older parents in China" 22 (22): 43-65, 2000

41 Thoits,P.A, "Identity-relevant events and psychological symptoms:A cautionary tale" 36 : 72-82, 1995

42 Thoits,P.A, "Identity structures and psychological well-being:Gender and marital status comparisons" 55 : 236-256, 1992

43 Degarmo,D.S, "Identity salience as a moderator of psychological and marital distress in stepfather families" 65 : 266-284, 2002

44 Ryff, C.D.,, "How children turn out: Implications for parental self-evaluation The parental experience in midlife University of Chicago Press" In C 383-422, 1996

45 Greenwell,L.,, "Geographic distance and contact between middle-aged children and their parents The effects of social class over 20 years The Journal of Gerontology" (1) : 13-26, 1997

46 Barnett, "Gender and the relationships between parent role quality and psychological distress A study of men and women in dual-career couples Journal of Family Issues" 229-252, 1994

47 Whitbeck, L.B, "Family relationship histories intergenerational relationship qualityand depressive affect among rural elderly people" 20 : 214-229, 2001

48 Suitor,J.J, "Explaining intergenerational conflict when adult children and elderly parents live together" 50 : 1037-1047, 1988

49 Ryff, C.D.,, "Emotion social relationships and health" 2001

50 Silverstein, "Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents? Journal of Health and Social Behavior" 382-394, 1991

51 Lee, G, "Depression among older parents The role of intergenerational exchange" 57 : 823-833, 1995

52 I, "Confidants and companions in later life The place of family and friends Journal of Gerontology" -149, 1990

53 Evenson,R.J, "Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression" 46 : 341-358, 2005

54 Pyke,K.D, "Caring more or less:Individualistic and collectivist systems of family elder care" 58 : 379-392, 1996

55 Krause,N, "Assessing stress-buffering effects:A cautionary note" 20 : 518-526, 1995

56 Antonucci,T.C, "An examination of social networks and sense of control Handbook of the Psychology of Aging" Academy Press 427-453, 2001

57 Greenberg,J.S, "Aging parents as family resources" 28 : 786-791, 1988

58 Quadagno, J., "Aging adn the life course: An introduction to social gerontology" McGraw-Hill 1999

59 Lang, F.R.,, "Adult children's supportive behaviors and older parents' subjective well-being:A developmental perspective on intergenerational relationships" 58 : 661-680, 2002