“後期舊石器革命”再考: 現生人類進化의 行爲·文化的背景 = The Upper Paleolithic Revolution Revisited

국문 초록 (Abstract)

현생인류(現生人類)의 기원과 진화, 확산은 고고학과 인류학, 그리고 유전학, 진화생물학, 진화심리학 등 많은 학문의공통 관심사이다. 최근에는 DNA 연구의 진전에 힘입어 일반 대중의 관심도 높다. 그러나 이 같은 관심은 한편으로지나치게 단순한 시각이 유행하는 배경이 되기도 한다. 그동안 주로 유럽의 자료에 치중한 연구들은 단선적이고도 급격한 변화를 강조하는 경향을 가지고 있었다. 연구에 따르면 현생인류는 200,000~150,000년 전 아프리카, 구체적으로는 동(東)아프리카에서 기원하였다. 다만 약 50,000년 전까지도 성공적으로 아프리카를 벗어나지 못하였으며, 약30,000~25,000년 전이 되어서야 해부학적으로, 그리고 문화적으로도 완벽한 현생인류로서 후기 구석기시대의 본모습을 갖춘다. 현생인류가 각지로 확산하면서 기존 집단과 어떠한 관련을 가졌는지 하는 문제는 논란의 핵심이다. 여전히 많은 문제가 풀리지 않고 있지만, 이 역시 단순한 시각보다는 지역적 조건에 따라 대체(代替, replacement)와함께 어느 정도의 동화(同化, assimilation)가 있었을 가능성을 배제하기 어렵다. 특히 현생인류 및 후기 구석기 문화의 성공적이고도 광범위한 확산을 설명하며 단순히 생물학적인 우수성만을 강조하는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 사회인구적 시각에서 설명하는 것이 더 설득력 있고 자료에도 부합한다. 행위적이고 문화적인 요인이야말로“인류혁명(人類革命)”또는“후기 구석기 혁명”이라 불리는 인류사의 전환에 가장 중요한 역할을 하였던 것이다.

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