사회적 네트워크에서 호혜성(Reciprocity)의 효과:직무성과와 정서적 안녕에 미치는 차별적 영향 = Reciprocity in Social Networks:Its Effects on Job Performance and Affective Well-Being

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사회적 네트워크에 관한 선행 연구들은 구성원들이 맺고 있는 사회적 관계의 호혜성 (reciprocity)을 가정하고 있으나 실제 사람들이 주고받는 자원의 양과 질은 비대칭적 이다. 특히, 성과주의와 경쟁이 만연한 현대 조직에서 구성원들은 관계의 상대방을 자신을 위해 이용가능한 자원으로 인식할 수 있으며, 이에 따라 호혜적 관계는 위협을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 사회적 관계의 비대칭성에 주목하여, 관계의 호혜성이 조직 구성원의 직무성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 또한, 현대사회의 각종 재난, 경제적 위기와 고용 불안정 등으로 인해 구성원의 안녕이 중요한 이슈로 대두되고 있음에 주목하여, 사회적 관계의 호혜성이 구성원의 정서적 안녕(affective well-being)에 미치는 차별적 효과를 함께 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 상이한 자원을 교환하는 업무조언 네트워크와 친교 네트워크에서 관계의 호혜성이 직무성과와 정서적 안녕에 서로 다른 방식으로 영향을 미칠 것이라고 예측하였다. 국내 11개 기업, 26개 팀, 108명의 네트워크 자료를 수집하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 업무조언 네트워크에서는 예측과 반대로 타인으로부터 수혜 받는 자원이 자신이 제공하는 자원보다 많을수록 구성원의 직무 성과에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 반면에, 친교 네트워크에서는 타인으로부터 획득하는 자원이 자신이 제공하는 자원보다 많을수록 직무성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설이 지지되었다. 한편, 업무조언 네트워크와 친교 네트워크 모두에서 자신이 타인에게 제공하는 자원보다 수혜 받는 자원이 많을수록 정서적 안녕이 증가하였지만 일정 수준을 넘어서는 다시 감소하는 것으로 나타나 관계의 호혜성과 구성원의 정서적 안녕 간의 역U자 형의 곡선적(curvilinear) 관계가 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 조직 내 사회적 네트워크를 단순히 비용과 이익을 고려한 경제적 교환관계로 보는 관점의 한계를 지적하고, 호혜성의 규범을 지키고 신뢰를 형성하는 것이 직무성과와 구성원의 안녕에 중요하다는 것을 밝혔다는 점에 이론적 의의를 갖는다. 이러한 결론이 조직 내 네트워크 및 조직관리에 미치는 효과와 실무적 시사점에 대하여 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Most social network research has assumed a symmetry in social relationships. However, the content and amount of resources that flow through social ties are asymmetric in dyadic relationships. Due to the recent economic downturn and fierce competition in the workplace, the norms of reciprocity have been severely damaged in many organizations. Moreover, social disasters, un-certainties, and unstable employment give rise to employees’ psychological well-being as a primary concern in society as a whole. This study focuses on the effects of relationship asymmetry on job performance and employee affective well-being. We propose that the asymmetry of social relationships has a linear positive relationship with task performance; on the other hand, it has an inverted U-shaped curvilinear relationship with affective well-being. To examine these hypotheses, we collected data from 108 employees from 26 teams in 11 Korean companies and analyzed the hypothesized relationships through hierarchical regression analysis. The results are as follows: 1) contrary to our expectation, positive relationship asymmetry (i.e., the difference between the amount of social resources received and provided) in task advice networks leads to worse task performance. 2) As hypothesized, positive asymmetry in friendship networks is associated with increased performance. 3) Finally, the asymmetry of both social networks displays an inverted-U shaped relation-ship with employee affective well-being, which means a level of affective well-being culminates in the reciprocal relationship. All in all, this study brings the social perspective which has been overlooked under the dominant economic/strategic perspectives back into social network research. The results of this study shed new light on the effects of reciprocity in social relationships.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 및 연구가설
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법
• Ⅳ. 연구 결과
• Ⅴ. 연구결과 및 토론

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 고유미, "팀 네트워크 특성과 경계관리 활동이 지식경영 성과에 미치는 영향: 팀 신뢰의 매개역할" 한국지식경영학회 14 (14): 101-120, 2013

2 박상언, "직무수행 과정에서 지각된 정서적 안녕(Affective Well-Being)이 직무요구-자원 모형에서 수행하는 역할에 대한 실증연구" 한국인사조직학회 20 (20): 177-220, 2012

3 장용선, "조직문화 연구의 동향과 과제" 한국인사조직학회 16 (16): 65-114, 2008

4 정명호, "조직 내 상이한 네트워크가 직무태도에 미치는 차별적 효과" 한국고용노사관계학회 19 (19): 37-64, 2009

5 신인용, "사회적 네트워크 유형 별 내향 중심성이 직무 스트레스에 미치는 차별적 영향" 한국경영학회 42 (42): 849-873, 2013

6 손동원, "사회네트워크 분석" 경문사 2002

7 Budd, J. W., "Worker well-being and the importance of work : Bridging the gap" 21 (21): 181-196, 2015

8 House, J. S., "Work stress and social support" Addison-Weslely 1981

9 Ganster, D. C., "Work stress and employee health" 17 (17): 235-271, 1991

10 Krackhardt, D., "Whether close or far : Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks" 76 (76): 770-782, 1999

11 Van Katwyk, P. T., "Using the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale(JAWS)to investigate affective responses to work stressors" 5 (5): 219-230, 2000

12 Adams, J. S., "Towards an understanding of inequity" 67 (67): 422-436, 1963

13 Granovettcr, M. S., "The strength of weak ties" 78 (78): 1360-1380, 1973

14 Fusilier, M. R., "The social support and health relationship : Is there a gender difference?" 59 (59): 145-153, 1986

15 Mehra, A., "The social networks of high and low self-monitors : Implications for workplace performance" 46 (46): 121-146, 2001

16 Hansen, M. T., "The search-transfer problem : The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits" 44 (44): 82-111, 1999

17 Diener, E., "The satisfaction with life scale" 49 (49): 71-75, 1985

18 Viswesvaran, C., "The role of social support in the process of work stress : A meta-analysis" 54 (54): 314-334, 1999

19 Wright, T. A., "The role of psychological well-being in job performance : A fresh look at an age-old quest" 33 (33): 338-351, 2004

20 Argyle, M., "The psychology of happiness" Routledge 2001

21 Bergeron, D. M, "The potential paradox of organizational citizenship behavior : Good citizens at what cost?" 32 (32): 1078-1095, 2007

22 Krackhardt, D., "The post bureaucratic organization" Sage 211-222, 1994

23 Pettigrew, A., "The politics of organisational decision-making" Tavistock 1973

24 Lieberman, M. D., "The pains and pleasures of social life" 323 : 890-891, 2009

25 Gouldner, A. W., "The norm of reciprocity : A preliminary statement" 25 (25): 161-178, 1960

26 Rook, K. S., "The negative side of social interaction : Impact on psychological well-being" 46 (46): 1097-1108, 1984

27 Luthans, F., "The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior" 23 (23): 695-706, 2002

28 Chung, M. H., "The multilevel effects of network embeddedness on interpersonal citizenship behavior" 42 (42): 730-760, 2011

29 Pollack, J. M,, "The moderating role of social ties on entrepreneurs’ depressed affect and withdrawal intentions in response to economic stress" 33 (33): 789-810, 2012

30 Tasselli, S., "The microfoundations of organizational social networks : A review and an agenda for future research" 41 (41): 1361-1387, 2015

31 Warr, P., "The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health" 63 (63): 193-210, 1990

32 Demerouti, E., "The job demands-resources model of burnout" 86 (86): 499-512, 2001

33 Hakanen, J. J., "The job demands-resources model : A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement" 22 (22): 224-241, 2008

34 Kaufman, B. E., "The global evolution of industrial relations : Events, ideas and the IIRA" International Labour Organization 2004

35 Allen, T. D., "The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments : A field study and a laboratory experiment" 83 (83): 247-260, 1998

36 Burt, R. S., "The contingent value of social capital" 42 (42): 339-365, 1997

37 Gino, F., "The abundance effect : Unethical behavior in the presence of wealth" 109 (109): 142-155, 2009

38 Seers, A., "Team-member exchange quality : A new construct for role-making research" 43 (43): 118-135, 1989

39 Brown, R. P., "Taking up offenses : Secondhand forgiveness and group identification" 34 (34): 1406-1419, 2008

40 Haslam, S. A., "Taking the strain : Social identity, social support, and the experience of stress" 44 (44): 355-370, 2005

41 Keyes, C. L., "Subjective well-being in mental health and human development research worldwide : An introduction" 77 (77): 1-10, 2006

42 Diener, E., "Subjective well-being : The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index" 55 (55): 34-43, 2000

43 Burt, R. S., "Structural holes : The social structure of competition" Harvard University Press 1992

44 Thoits, P. A, "Stress, coping, and social support processes : Where are we? What next?" 35 (35): 53-79, 1995

45 Leavy, R. L., "Social support and psychological disorder : A review" 11 (11): 3-21, 1983

46 Wellman, B., "Social structures: A network approach" Cambridge University Press 19-61, 1988

47 Cook, K. S., "Social structure and network analysis" Sage 177-199, 1981

48 House, J. S., "Social relationships and health" 241 : 540-545, 1988

49 Emerson, R. M., "Social psychology: Sociological perspectives" Basic Books 30-65, 1981

50 Dunbar, R. I., "Social networks, support cliques, and kinship" 6 (6): 273-290, 1995

51 Sparrowe, R. T., "Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups" 44 (44): 316-325, 2001

52 Pagel, M. D., "Social networks : We get by with(and in spite of)a little help from our friends" 53 (53): 793-804, 1987

53 Tichy, N., "Social network analysis for organizations" 4 (4): 507-519, 1979

54 Scott, J., "Social network analysis : A handbook" Sage 1991

55 Haslam, S. A., "Social identity, health and well-being : An emerging agenda for applied psychology" 58 (58): 1-23, 2009

56 Ashforth, B. E., "Social identity theory and the organization" 14 (14): 20-39, 1989

57 Hogg, M. A., "Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts" 25 (25): 121-140, 2000

58 Shore, L. M., "Social exchange in work settings : Content, process, and mixed models" 5 (5): 289-302, 2009

59 Coleman, J. S., "Social capital in the creation of human capital" 94 : S95-S120, 1988

60 Homans, G. C., "Social behavior as exchange" 63 (63): 597-606, 1958

61 Podolny, J. M., "Resources and relationships : Social networks and mobility in the workplace" 62 (62): 673-693, 1997

62 Ferris, G. R., "Relationships at work : Toward a multidimensional conceptualization of dyadic work relationships" 35 (35): 1379-1403, 2009

63 Haslam, S. A., "Psychology in organizations : The social identity approach" Sage 2004

64 Edmondson, A., "Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams" 44 (44): 350-383, 1999

65 Ong, A. D., "Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life" 91 (91): 730-749, 2006

66 Ibarra, H., "Power, social influence and sense-making : Effects of network centrality and proximity on employee perceptions" 38 (38): 277-303, 1993

67 Brass, D. J., "Power in organizations : A social network perspective" 4 (4): 295-323, 1992

68 Dutton, J., "Positive organizational scholarship:Foundations of a new discipline" Berrett-Koehler 263-278, 2003

69 Berry, D. S., "Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction" 71 (71): 796-809, 1996

70 Hatfield, E., "Personal relationships 1: Studying personal relationships" Academic Press 165-178, 1981

71 Blumstein, P., "Personal relationships" 14 : 467-490, 1988

72 Ibarra, H., "Personal networks of women and minorities in management : A conceptual framework" 18 (18): 56-87, 1993

73 Cooper, C. L., "Organizational stress : A review and critique of theory, research, and applications" Sage Publications 2001

74 Lamertz, K., "Organizational citizenship behaviour as performance in multiple network positions" 27 (27): 79-102, 2006

75 MacKenzie, S. B., "Organizational citizenship behavior and objective productivity as determinants of managerial evaluations of salespersons’performance" 50 (50): 123-150, 1991

76 Brief, A. P., "Organizational behavior : Affect in the workplace" 53 : 279-307, 2002

77 Cotton, R. D., "On becoming extraordinary : The content and structure of the developmental networks of Major League Baseball Hall of Famers" 54 (54): 15-46, 2011

78 Macaulay, S., "Non-contractual relations in business : A preliminary study" 28 (28): 55-67, 1963

79 Krackhardt, D., "Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action" Harvard Business School Press 216-239, 1992

80 Brüderl, J., "Network support and the success of newly founded business" 10 (10): 213-225, 1998

81 Marsden, P. V., "Network data and measurement" 16 : 435-463, 1990

82 Ibarra, H., "Network centrality, power, and innovation involvement : Determinants of technical and administrative roles" 36 (36): 471-501, 1993

83 Hair, J. F., "Multivariate data analysis" Prentice Hall 1998

84 Aiken, L. S., "Multiple regression : Testing and interpreting interactions" Sage 1991

85 Feeney, B. C., "Motivations for caregiving in adult intimate relationships : Influences on caregiving behavior and relationship functioning" 29 (29): 950-968, 2003

86 Hobhouse, L. T., "Morals in evolution : A study in comparative ethics" Holt 1906

87 Nederhof, A. J., "Methods of coping with social desirability bias : A review" 15 (15): 263-280, 1985

88 Tang, C. S. K., "Mental health outcomes of job stress among Chinese teachers : Role of stress resource factors and burnout" 22 (22): 887-901, 2001

89 Marsden, P. V., "Measuring tie strength" 63 (63): 482-501, 1984

90 Muñoz de Bustillo, R., "Measuring more than money : The social economics of job quality" Edward Elgar 2011

91 Russell, D. W., "Job-related stress, social support, and burnout among classroom teachers" 72 (72): 269-274, 1987

92 Williams, L. J., "Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors" 17 (17): 601-617, 1991

93 Spector, P. E., "Job satisfaction : Application, assessment, causes, and consequences" Sage 1997

94 Karasek, R. A. Jr., "Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain : Implications for job redesign" 24 (24): 285-308, 1979

95 Perlman, D., "Intimate relationships" Sage 13-42, 1987

96 Orlofsky, J. L., "Intimacy status : Relationship to interpersonal perception" 5 (5): 73-88, 1976

97 Meyerson, D. E., "Interpretations of stress in institutions : The cultural production of ambiguity and burnout" 39 (39): 628-653, 1994

98 Jehn, K. A., "Interpersonal relationships and task performance : An examination of mediation processes in friendship and acquaintance groups" 72 (72): 775-790, 1997

99 Krackhardt, D., "Informal networks and organizational crises : An experimental simulation" 51 (51): 123-140, 1988

100 Niven, K., "How to win friendship and trust by influencing people’s feelings : An investigation of interpersonal affect regulation and the quality of relationships" 65 (65): 777-805, 2012

101 Ibarra, H., "Homophily and differential returns : Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm" 37 (37): 422-447, 1992

102 Grant, A. M., "Happiness, health, or relationships? Managerial practices and employee well-being tradeoffs" 21 (21): 51-63, 2007

103 Ledford, G. E., "Happiness and productivity revisited" 20 (20): 25-30, 1999

104 Oh, H., "Group social capital and group effectiveness : The role of informal socializing ties" 47 (47): 860-875, 2004

105 Granovetter, M. S., "Getting a job : A study of contacts and careers" University of Chicago Press 1995

106 Sias, P. M., "From coworkers to friends : The development of peer friendships in the workplace" 62 (62): 273-299, 1998

107 Krackhardt, D., "Friendship patterns and culture : The control of organizational diversity" 92 (92): 142-154, 1990

108 Gibbons, D. E., "Friendship and advice networks in the context of changing professional values" 49 (49): 238-262, 2004

109 Molm, L. D., "Forms of exchange and integrative bonds : Effects of history and embeddedness" 77 (77): 141-165, 2012

110 Van den Broeck, A., "Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement : The role of basic psychological need satisfaction" 22 (22): 277-294, 2008

111 Carrell, M. R., "Equity theory : The recent literature, methodological considerations, and new directions" 3 (3): 202-210, 1978

112 Van Scotter, J. P., "Effects of task performance and contextual performance on systematic rewards" 85 (85): 526-535, 2000

113 Granovetter, M. S., "Economic action and social structure : The problem of embeddedness" 91 (91): 481-510, 1985

114 Smith, R. H., "Dispositional envy" 25 (25): 1007-1020, 1999

115 Lucas, R. E., "Discriminant validity of well-being measures" 71 (71): 616-628, 1996

116 Wellman, B., "Different strokes from different folks : Community ties and social support" 96 (96): 558-588, 1990

117 Molm, L. D., "Dependence and risk : Transforming the structure of social exchange" 57 (57): 163-176, 1994

118 Weiss, H. M., "Deconstructing job satisfaction : Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences" 12 (12): 173-194, 2002

119 Lusher, D., "Cooperative and competitive structures of trust relations in teams" 45 (45): 3-36, 2014

120 de Sola Pool, I., "Contacts and influence" 1 (1): 5-51, 1979

121 Sarason, B. R., "Concomitants of social support : Social skills, physical attractiveness, and gender" 49 (49): 469-480, 1985

122 Carley, K. M., "Cognitive inconsistencies and non-symmetric friendship" 18 (18): 1-27, 1996

123 Binder, J. F., "Closeness, loneliness, support : Core ties and significant ties in personal communities" 34 (34): 206-214, 2012

124 Bolino, M. C., "Citizenship under pressure : What’s a"good soldier"to do?" 31 : 835-855, 2010

125 Freeman, L. C., "Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification" 1 (1): 215-239, 1979

126 Von Krogh, G., "Care in knowledge creation" 40 (40): 133-153, 1998

127 Rynes, S. L., "Care and compassion through an organizational lens : Opening up new possibilities" 37 (37): 503-523, 2012

128 Nebus, J., "Building collegial information networks : A theory of advice network generation" 31 (31): 615-637, 2006

129 Miles, D. E., "Building an integrative model of extra-role work behaviors : A comparison of counterproductive work behavior with organizational citizenship behavior" 10 (10): 51-57, 2002

130 Lin, N., "Building a network theory of social capital" 22 (22): 28-51, 1999

131 Liden, R. C., "An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes" 85 (85): 407-416, 2000

132 McAllister, D. J., "Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations" 38 (38): 24-59, 1995

133 Amabile, T. M., "Affect and creativity at work" 50 (50): 367-403, 2005

134 Vollhardt, J. R., "Acknowledgment after mass violence : Effects on psychological well-being and intergroup relations" 17 (17): 306-323, 2014

135 Aspinwall, L. G., "A stitch in time : Self-regulation and proactive coping" 121 (121): 417-436, 1997

136 Duffy, M. K., "A social context model of envy and social undermining" 55 (55): 643-666, 2012

137 Seibert, S., "A social capital theory of career success" 44 (44): 219-237, 2001

138 Huseman, R. C., "A new perspective on equity theory : The equity sensitivity construct" 12 (12): 222-234, 1987

139 Gilboa, S., "A meta analysis of work demand stressors and job performance : Examining main and moderating effects" 61 (61): 227-271, 2008

140 오홍석, "A SOCIAL NETWORK PERSPECTIVE ON WORK GROUP PERFORMANCE" 한국경영학회 35 (35): 825-850, 2006