직무만족의 측정도구에 대한 개요와 활용방안 = Job Satisfaction Measures and Developing New Measures in Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 그 동안 경영학, 특히 인사조직분야에서 가장 많이 활용되어 온 직무 만족에 대한 측정도구를 정려한 논문이다. 직무만족은 조직구성원의 직무에 대한 만족도를 측정하는 변수로 중요하게 안정되고 오랫동안 활용되어 왔으나 그럼에도 불구하고 아직도 국내에서 공식적으로 인정받고 활용되고 있는 측정도구는 없다고 할 수 있다.
이러한 이유로 국내에서 수행된 직무만족도에 대한 실증연구는 외국에서 개발된 측정도구를 충분한 검토 없이 활용하고 있어서 이를 바탕으로 한 실증연구결과에 대해 신뢰성과 타당성을 인정하기 어려운 상황이다. 구체적으로 우선, 외국에서 주로 영어를 바탕으로 개발된 측정도구에 대해 충분한 타당성을 검토하기 위한 번역과정을 생략함에 따라 그 결과를 인정하기 어려운 면이 있다. 또한 원래의 측정요인이나 측정문항수를 임의로 변경함에 따라 새롭게 필요한 신뢰성이나 타당성을 확인하는 작업도 생략된 연구가 많다. 마지막으로 외국의 측정도구에 대응해 국내의 조직구성원에 대한 측정도구를 개발하려는 노력도 미흡하다고 하겠다.
본 논문에서는 그 동안 외국에서 개발되어 널리 활용되어온 직무만족에 대한 측정도구를 정려하여 제시하고 측청도구의 신뢰도와 타당도를 중심으로 활용에 필요한 사전정보를 제공하였으며 이는 국내에서 측정도구를 활용하기 위한 출발점이 될 것으로 생각된다. 특히 외국 측정도구의 번역, 측정요인과 측정문항수, 그리고 국내에서 측정도구를 개발해가는 과정에서 검토해야 할 사항을 구체적으로 제시하고자 하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Researches on job satisfaction in Korea have invariably used measures developed in Western countries, without giving serious consideration as to issues of reliability and validity of measures used in a foreign context. Such practice can lead to wrong interpretations of empirical research results on job satisfaction and its relationship with other variables.
This paper first presents the current state of research on job satisfaction measures in Korea. Out of 296 researches, 31 researches measured overall job satisfaction although many of them did not provide the sources of those measures quoted. Researches done in other countries on job satisfaction in 2003 and 2004 were also surveyed, using EbscoHost. Forty-five papers out of 257 using job satisfaction measures referred the sources and questionnaires of job satisfaction. Thirty-one papers used overall measures on job satisfaction. A recent trend in using measures for overall job satisfaction in those empirical analyses was explained and summarized.
The next step of this paper is to organize and present the commonly used job satisfaction measures. Some measures presented here in the appendix include only a couple of example questions because of copyrights. This, however, is an effort to improve the process of measuring job satisfaction by presenting well-known and frequently used measures on job satisfaction. Overall job satisfaction measures presented here include those developed by Hoppock (1935); Brayfield & Rothe (1951) [Job Satisfaction Index, JSI]; Bullock (1952); Weiss et al.(1967) [Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, MSQ]; Taylor & Bowers (1972); Hackman & Oldham (1975); Quinn & Staines (1979); Cammann et al.(1979) [Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire, MOAQ]; Vroom (1960) [Attitude towards the Job]; Warr, Cook, and Wall (1979); and Ironson et al.(1989) (Job in General, JIG).
Most of facet-only job satisfaction measures are not presented here due to the limitation on space. Those measures are the next research topic for the author. Discussions on reliability and validity for each measure are collected from books and papers and presented. Some are provided by the measure developers and some by users. All of the measures presented here have shown at least the acceptable level of reliability and validity. This explains why these measures have been used for decades. However, a caution is called for when these measures are going to be used in Korean context.
Although strictly facet-only job satisfaction measures had to be omitted here, facet-based overall job satisfaction measures are presented. These measures are composed of several different facets to measure the overall job satisfaction. Five facet-specific overall job satisfaction measures are presented and compared with each other. They include measures developed by Weiss et al.(1967) [Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, MSQ); Smith, Kendall, & Hulin (1969) [Job Description Index, IDI]; Hackman & Oldham (1975) [Job Diagnostic Survey, IDS]; Spector (1985) [Job Satisfaction Survey, JSS]; Smith (1976) [Index of Organizational Reactions, lOR] and the Index for Organizational Health and Personnel Management (IOHPM). Comparing facet-based measures of the kind I present with facet-only measures would be good research topic, since the researches using facet-based measures are increasingly in demand.
We may use existing measures in research in the Korean context. We may, however, try developing new measures on our own. When existing measures are used, the translation should be done accurately and rigorously, while issues such as reliability and validity of original measures need to be given sufficient consideration. Copyright is also an important matter to be considered. In developing new measures on our own, surveys and survey processes should be devised in such a way that respondents can feel

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 〈초록〉
• Ⅰ. 직무만족에 대한 측정도구의 활용 현황
• Ⅱ. 전반적 직무만족의 측정도구
• Ⅲ. 요인종합 전반적 직무만족 측정도구
• Ⅳ. 직무만족 측정도구의 활용방안
• 참고문헌
• 〈부록〉
• ABSTRACT

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 여운승, "｢다변량행동조사｣" 민영사 2000

2 방하남, "직무만족도와 생활만족도의 결정요인과 상호작용효과에 관한 연구" 한국노동경제학회 23 (23): 133-154, 2000

3 방하남, "직무만족도와 생활만족도의 결정요인과 상호작용효과에 관한 연구" 한국노동경제학회 133-154, 2000

4 송계충, "조직행위 측정 표준설문지 사전-직무만족변수 측정의 현상과 평가" 705-725, 2002

5 송계충, "조직행위 측정 표준설문지 사전-직무만족변수 측정의 현상과 평가" 705-725, 2002

6 여운승, "다변량행동조사" 서울: 민영사 2000

7 이영면, "국내실증연구문헌에서 나타난 측정도구 사용방법 및 절차적 문제에 대한 분석: 직무만족도를 중심으로" 한국인사조직학회 12 (12): 33-85, 2004

8 이영면, "국내실증연구문헌에서 나타난 측정도구 사용방법 및 절차적 문제에 대한 분석: 직무만족도를 중심으로" 한국인사조직학회 12 (12): 33-85, 2004

9 전용득, "공공조직 구성원의 직무만족에 관한 연구 동림경영연구" 한국동림경영학회 165-202, 1999

10 전용득, "공공조직 구성원의 직무만족에 관한 연구" 한국동림경영학회 10 : 165-202, 1999

11 방하남, "‘좋은 일자리(Good job)’의 개념구성 및 결정요인 분석" 439-465, 2004

12 Good job, "‘좋은 일자리 ’의 개념구성 및 결정요인 분석" 이화여자대학교 포스코관 (8228) : 439-465, 2004

13 "http://www.msq.or.kr"

14 "http://www.kstudy.com"

15 "http://www.iser.essex.ac.uk/ulsc/bhps"

16 "http://ebsco.co.kr"

17 A, "emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call center workers European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology" 366-392, 2003

18 Bamberger, "Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers Mediating the impact of role stress and satisfaction at work Journal of Organizational Behavior" 39-53, 1991

19 Bamberger, "Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers Mediating the impact of role stress and satisfaction at work Journal of Organizational Behavior" 39-53, 1991

20 Muhonen, T, "Work locus of control and its relationship to health and job satisfaction from a gender perspective" 20 : 21-28, 2004

21 & Torkelson, "Work locus of control and its relationship to health and job satisfaction from a gender perspective" 21-28, 2004

22 Survey item bank, "Volume I measures of satisfaction" MCB University Press 1984

23 Survey item bank, "Volume I measures of satisfaction" MCB University Press 1984

24 Dunham, "Validation of the index of organizational reactions with the JDI Academy of Management Journal" 420-432, 1977

25 Dunham, "Validation of the index of organizational reactions with the JDI Academy of Management Journal" 420-432, 1977

26 Balzer, "User’s manual for the Job Descriptive Index Department of Psychology" Bowling Green State University 1990

27 Balzer, "User’s manual for the Job Descriptive Index Department of Psychology" Bowling Green State University 1990

28 Balzer, "User’s manual for the Job Description Index and the Job in General Scales Department of Psychology" Bowling Green State University 1997jdi;1997revision

29 Balzer, W. K, "User’s manual for the Job Description Index (JDI; 1997 revision) and the Job in General Scales" 1997

30 Jenkins, "University of Michigan" Unpublished Manuscript 1979

31 Jenkins, "University of Michigan" Unpublished Manuscript 1979

32 Fried, "The validity of the job characteristics model" 287-322, 1986

33 Fried, "The validity of the job characteristics model" 287-322, 1986

34 Hollon, "The relationship of personal influence dissonance to job tension Academy of Management Journal" 308-314, 1976

35 Hollon, "The relationship of personal influence dissonance to job tension Academy of Management Journal" 308-314, 1976

36 Taylor, "The principles of scientific management" 1911

37 Taylor, "The principles of scientific management" 1911

38 Stinson, "The path-goal theory of leadership Academy of Management Journal" 242-252, 1975

39 Stinson, "The path-goal theory of leadership Academy of Management Journal" 242-252, 1975

40 Locke, "The nature and causes of job satisfaction Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology" 1293-1349, 1976

41 Locke, "The nature and causes of job satisfaction Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology" 1293-1349, 1976

42 Smith, "The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement" 1969

43 Smith, "The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement" 1969

44 Smith, "The measurement of satisfaction in work and environment" 1967

45 Smith, "The measurement of satisfaction in work and environment" 1967

46 Smith, "The index of organizational reactions JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology" 1976

47 Smith, "The index of organizational reactions JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology" 1976

48 Cook, "The experience of work A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use" Academic Press 1981

49 Cook, "The experience of work A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use" Academic Press 1981

50 O’Brien, "The effects of congruency between perceived and desired job attributes upon job satisfaction Journal of Management Journal" 325-331, 1980

51 O’Brien, "The effects of congruency between perceived and desired job attributes upon job satisfaction Journal of Management Journal" 325-331, 1980

52 Kim, S. W, "The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U.S. Airforce hospital" 49 (49): 947-976, 1996

53 Kim, "The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U" 947-976, 1996

54 Kunin, "The construction of a new type of attitude measure" 65-78, 1955

55 Kunin, "The construction of a new type of attitude measure" 65-78, 1955

56 A, "The construct validity of the Job Descriptive Index Department of Management College of Business Administration" Arizona State University

57 A, "The construct validity of the Job Descriptive Index Department of Management College of Business Administration" Arizona State University

58 Quinn, "The 1977 quality of employment survey Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1979

59 Quinn, "The 1977 quality of employment survey Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1979

60 Quinn, "The 1972-73 quality of employment survey Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1974

61 Quinn, "The 1972-73 quality of employment survey Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1974

62 Quinn, "Survey of working conditions" -0001, 1971

63 Quinn, "Survey of working conditions" -0001, 1971

64 Taylor, "Survey of organizations Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1972

65 Taylor, "Survey of organizations Institute for Social Research University of Michigan" 1972

66 Vroom, "Some personality determinants of the effects of participation" Prentice Hall 1960

67 Vroom, "Some personality determinants of the effects of participation" Prentice Hall 1960

68 Job satisfaction poll, "Society for Human Resource Management" 2003

69 Bullock, "Social factors related to job satisfaction A technique for the measurement of job satisfaction Bureau of Business Research" Ohio State University 1952

70 Bullock, "Social factors related to job satisfaction A technique for the measurement of job satisfaction Bureau of Business Research" Ohio State University 1952

71 Bradley, D. E, "Self-employment and job satisfaction: Investigating the role of self-efficacy, depression, and seniority" 42 (42): 37-58, 2004

72 Warr, "Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being Journal of Occupational Psychology" 129-148, 1979

73 Warr, "Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being Journal of Occupational Psychology" 129-148, 1979

74 Huang, Y-H, "Role of workplace safety: A revisit of the relationship between job satisfaction and employment status" 21 : 251-256, 2003

75 Huang, "Role of workplace safety A revisit of the relationship between job satisfaction and employment status" 251-256, 2003

76 Miles, "Relationships between role clarity need for clarity and job tension and satisfaction for supervisory and nonsupervisory roles Academy of Management Journal" 877-883, 1975

77 Miles, "Relationships between role clarity need for clarity and job tension and satisfaction for supervisory and nonsupervisory roles Academy of Management Journal" 877-883, 1975

78 Hunt, "Relations of discretionary and nondiscretionary leadership to performance and satisfaction in a complex organization" 507-523, 1978

79 Hunt, "Relations of discretionary and nondiscretionary leadership to performance and satisfaction in a complex organization" 507-523, 1978

80 Kornradt, U, "Quality of management by objectives, task-related stressors, and non-task-related stressors as predictors of stress and job satisfaction among teleworkers" 12 (12): 61-79, 2003

81 U, "Quality of management by objectives and non-task-related stressors as predictors of stress and job satisfaction among teleworkers European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology" 61-79, 2003

82 Hulin, "Psychometric equivalence of a translation of the job descriptive index into Hebrew Journal of Applied Psychology" 83-95, 1986

83 Hulin, "Psychometric equivalence of a translation of the job descriptive index into Hebrew Journal of Applied Psychology" 83-95, 1986

84 Oldham, "Norms for the Job Diagnostic Survey Yale University School of Organization and Management" 1978

85 Oldham, "Norms for the Job Diagnostic Survey Yale University School of Organization and Management" 1978

86 Cook, "New work attitude measures of trust Journal of Occupational Psychology" 39-52, 1980

87 Cook, "New work attitude measures of trust Journal of Occupational Psychology" 39-52, 1980

88 Yeo, U-S, "Multivariate behavior survey" Seoul, Korea: Minyoung Co. 2000

89 Hackman, "Motivation through the design of work Test of a theory" 250-279, 1976

90 Hackman, "Motivation through the design of work Test of a theory" 250-279, 1976

91 & Stinson, "Moderating effects of individual differences Journal of Applied Psychology" 329-333, 1975

92 & Stinson, "Moderating effects of individual differences Journal of Applied Psychology" 329-333, 1975

93 Kornhauser, "Mental health of the industrial workers" 1965

94 Kornhauser, "Mental health of the industrial workers" 1965

95 "Measurement of human service staff satisfaction Development of the job satisfaction survey American Journal of Community Psychology" 693-713, 1985

96 "Measurement of human service staff satisfaction Development of the job satisfaction survey American Journal of Community Psychology" 693-713, 1985

97 Weiss, "Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire Minnesota Studies on Vocational Rehabilitation University of Minnesota" Industrial Relations Center 1967

98 Weiss, "Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire Minnesota Studies on Vocational Rehabilitation University of Minnesota" Industrial Relations Center 1967

99 Jex, "Journal of Organizational Behavior" & guda (& guda): 509-517, 1992

100 Jex, "Journal of Organizational Behavior" & guda (& guda): 509-517, 1992

101 Barling, "Journal of Appled Psychology" 276-283, 2003

102 Spector, P. E, "Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, cause and consequences" Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications 1997

103 Society for Human Resource Management(SHRM), "Job satisfaction poll" Alexandria, VA: SHRM Research 2003

104 Shina, "Job satisfaction in the office and manual workers Indian Journal of Social Work" 39-46, 1990

105 Shina, "Job satisfaction in the office and manual workers Indian Journal of Social Work" 39-46, 1990

106 Terpstra, D. E, "Job satisfaction and pay satisfaction levels of university faculty by discipline type and by geographic region" 124 (124): 528-539, 2004

107 Terpstra, "Job satisfaction and pay satisfaction levels of university faculty by discipline type and by geographic region" & ho (& ho): 528-539, 2004

108 Bradley, "Investigating the role of self-efficacy Journal of Small Business Management" depression 37-58, 2004

109 Donovan, D. T, "Internal benefits of service-worker customer orientation: Job satisfaction, commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors" 68 : 128-146, 2004

110 Donovan, "Internal benefits of service-worker customer orientation Journal of Marketing" 128-146, 2004

111 Dunne, "Influence sources of project and functional managers in matrix organizations Academy of Management Journal" 235-140, 1978

112 Dunne, "Influence sources of project and functional managers in matrix organizations Academy of Management Journal" 235-140, 1978

113 A, "Improving construct measurement in management research Comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil survey-type instruments Journal of Management" 385-417, 1993

114 A, "Improving construct measurement in management research Comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil survey-type instruments Journal of Management" 385-417, 1993

115 Smith, "How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance" Lexington Books 1991

116 Smith, "How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance" Lexington Books 1991

117 Barling, J, "High-quality work, job satisfaction, and occupational injuries" 88 (88): 276-283, 2003

118 Price, "Handbook of organizational measurement International Journal of Manpower" 303-452, 1997

119 Price, J. L, "Handbook of organizational measurement" 18 (18): 303-452, 1997

120 Roznowski, "Examination of the measurement properties of the Job Descriptive Index with experimental items Journal of Applied Psychology" 805-814, 1989

121 Roznowski, "Examination of the measurement properties of the Job Descriptive Index with experimental items Journal of Applied Psychology" 805-814, 1989

122 Hackman, "Employee reactions to job characteristics Journal of Applied Psychology" 259-286, 1971

123 Hackman, "Employee reactions to job characteristics Journal of Applied Psychology" 259-286, 1971

124 Lewig, K. A, "Emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call center workers" 12 (12): 366-392, 2003

125 Song, "Dictionary on standard survey form for organizational behavior measurement-Job satisfaction measures and their evaluations Paper presented at the 2002 Winter meeting of Korean Academic Society of Business Administration" 2002

126 Song, G-C, "Dictionary on standard survey form for organizational behavior measurement-Job satisfaction measures and their evaluations" 2002

127 Hackman, "Development of the job diagnostic survey Journal of Applied Psychology" 159-170, 1975

128 Hackman, "Development of the job diagnostic survey Journal of Applied Psychology" 159-170, 1975

129 Phang, "Determinants of job satisfaction and life satisfaction and their interaction effects Journal of Korean Labor Economics" 133-154, 2000

130 Phang, H-N, "Determinants of job satisfaction and life satisfaction and their interaction effects" 23 (23): 133-154, 2000

131 Dunham, "Determinants of a female faces scale for measuring job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 629-631, 1975

132 Dunham, "Determinants of a female faces scale for measuring job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 629-631, 1975

133 Brislin, "Cross-cultural research in psychology Annual Review of Psychology" 363-400, 1983

134 Brislin, "Cross-cultural research in psychology Annual Review of Psychology" 363-400, 1983

135 Smith, "Construction of the Job in General Scale A comparison of global Journal of Applied Psychology" 1989193-200

136 Smith, "Construction of the Job in General Scale A comparison of global Journal of Applied Psychology" 1989193-200

137 Evans, "Conceptual and operational problems of various aspects of job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 93-101, 1969

138 Evans, "Conceptual and operational problems of various aspects of job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 93-101, 1969

139 Happell, B, "Burnout and job satisfaction: A comparative study of psychiatric nurses from forensic and mainstream mental health service" 12 : 39-47, 2003

140 Alexander, "Attitudinal congruence and similarity as related to interpersonal evaluations in manager- subordinate dyads Academy of Management Journal" 320-330, 1980

141 Alexander, "Attitudinal congruence and similarity as related to interpersonal evaluations in manager- subordinate dyads Academy of Management Journal" 320-330, 1980

142 Phang, "Analysis of concept structure and determinant of good job Paper presented at the 5th meeting of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study" 2004

143 Phang, H-N, "Analysis of concept structure and determinant of good job" 2004

144 A, "An index of job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 307-311, 1951

145 A, "An index of job satisfaction Journal of Applied Psychology" 307-311, 1951

146 McNichols, "A validation of Hoppock's job satisfaction measure Academy of Management Journal" 737-742, 1978

147 McNichols, "A validation of Hoppock's job satisfaction measure Academy of Management Journal" 737-742, 1978

148 Cheon, "A study on job satisfaction of public sector employees Journal of Donglim Management" 165-202, 1999

149 Cheon, Y-D, "A study on job satisfaction of public sector employees" 10 : 165-202, 1999

150 Lee, "A review on the use of job satisfaction measurement tools and statistical methods in empirical researches Korean Journal of Management" 33-85, 2004

151 Lee, Y-M, "A review on the use of job satisfaction measurement tools and statistical methods in empirical researches" 12 (12): 33-85, 2004

152 Rusbult, "A longitudinal test of the investment model The impact of job satisfaction and turnover of variations in rewards Journal of Applied Psychology" 429-438, 1983

153 Rusbult, "A longitudinal test of the investment model The impact of job satisfaction and turnover of variations in rewards Journal of Applied Psychology" 429-438, 1983

154 Martin, "A comparative study of psychiatric nurses from forensic and mainstream mental health service International Journal of Mental Health Nursing" 39-47, 2003