사회공포증 경향성자의 자기초점적 주의가 기억편향에 미치는 영향 = The Effects of Self-Focused Attention on Memory Bias in Social Phobia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Present study investigated the effects of self-focused attention on memory bias in social phobia-prone late adolescent individuals. After inducing self-focused attention to social phobia-prone individuals, we examined implicit and explicit memory biases. Using an tachistoscopic word identification task, we assessed implicit memory. Explicit memory was assessed by recognition task. In these tasks, three types of word stimuli were selected; positive words, negative words, neutral words. Negative word stimuli consisted of the threatening words that have the meaning of 'negative evaluation' and 'anxiety symptom' related to social phobia. Self-focused attention group shows implicit memory bias for the negative word stimuli. However two groups didn't differ in explicit memory performance for the all word stimuli. Also, two groups didn’t differ anxiety symptom related word stimuli. These results suggest that Social phobia shows distinct symptoms that distinguish itself from other anxiety disorders. Limitations of the present study and suggestions for the future research were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 사회공포증 경향성자의 자기초점적 주의가 기억편향에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 후기청소년을 대상으로 사회공포증 경향성자에게 자기초점적 주의를 유발한 후 내현적 기억편향과 외현적 기억편향을 살펴보았다. 내현적 기억은 순간노출단어 명명과제를 통해, 외현적 기억은 재인과제를 사용하여 측정하였다. 단어자극은 긍정적 단어와 부정적 단어로 구성하였다. 부정적 단어자극은 사회공포증을 가진 사람의 두려움의 특징인 ‘부정적 평가’와 ‘불안증상’에 관련된 단어로 구성하였다. 실험결과, 내현적 기억과제에서 자기초점적 주의를 유발한 집단이 유발하지 않은 집단보다 외부의 부정적 평가와 관련된 단어에서 더 큰 기억편향을 보였다. 반면에 외현적 기억과제에서는 모든 단어조건에서 두 집단 모두 기억편향이 발견되지 않았다. 불안증상 관련 단어에서는 집단 간 기억 편향의 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 자기초점적 주의가 평가에 대한 두려움을 증가시켜 기억편향에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인시켜주며, 사회공포증이 다른 불안장애와 달리 개별적인 특성을 갖는다는 것을 보여준다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 앞으로의 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 연세대학교 언어정보개발연구원, "현대 한국어의 어휘빈도-빈도 7 이상" 연세대학교 언어정보개발연구원 1998

2 이정윤, "한국판 사회공포증 척도(K-SAD, K-FNE)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구" 16 : 254-264, 1997

3 전상진, "한국 후기 청소년 세대의 발달경로와 성장유형" 한국사회학회 40 (40): 261-285, 2006

4 김향숙, "사회공포증 하위 유형의 기억 편향" 서울대학교 대학원 2001

5 이지영, "대인불안 성향자의 자기초점 주의 성향의 특징 : 방어적 자기초점 주의 성향 대 비방어적 자기초점 주의 성향" 서울대학교 대학원 2001

6 Schacter, D. L., "Understanding imlicit memory : A cognitive neuroscience approach" 47 : 559-569, 1992

7 Lewis, B. P., "Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance" 23 : 937-944, 1997

8 Mattia, J. I., "The revised stroop color-naming task in social phobics" 31 (31): 305-313, 1993

9 Hull, J. G., "The organizational functions of the self : An alternative to the Duval ad Wicklund model of self-awareness" 37 : 756-765, 1979

10 Ingram, R. E., "The cognitive side of anxiety" 11 : 523-536, 1987

11 Glasgow, R. E., "The behavioral assessment of male and female social competence in dyadic heterosexual Interactions" 6 : 488-498, 1975

12 Schlenker, B. R., "Social anxiety and self presentation : A concepualization and model" 92 : 641-669, 1982

13 Cacioppo, J. T., "Self-statements and self-evaluations : A cognitive response analysis of heterosexual anxiety" 3 : 249-262, 1979

14 Carver, C. S., "Self-focusing effects of dispositional self-consciousness, mirror presence, and audience presence" 36 : 324-332, 1978

15 Spurr, J. M., "Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety" 22 : 947-975, 2002

16 Scheier, M. F., "Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion : Attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression" 35 : 625-636, 1977

17 Woody, S. R., "Self-focused attention and social anxiety in social phobics and normal controls" 24 : 473-488, 2000

18 Bögels, S. M., "Self-focused attention and social anxiety : the effects of experimentally heightened self-awareness on fear, blushing, cognitions, and social skills" 26 : 461-472, 2002

19 Mathews, A., "Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states" 23 : 563-569, 1985

20 Lundh, L. G., "Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobics" 34 (34): 787-794, 1996

21 Alden, L. E., "Public self-awareness and withdrawal from social interactions" 16 : 249-267, 1992

22 Fenigstein, A., "Public and private self-consciousness : Assessment and theory" 43 : 522-527, 1975

23 Dannahy, L., "Post-event processing in social anxiety" 45 : 1207-1219, 2007

24 Beidel, D. C., "Physiological, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of social anxiety" 23 : 109-117, 1985

25 Strack, S., "Pessimistic self-preoccupation, performance deficits, and depression" 49 : 1076-1085, 1985

26 McNally, R. J., "Panic disorders: A critical analysis" Guilford Press 1994

27 Cloitre, M., "Memory bias does not generalize across anxiety disorders" 33 (33): 305-307, 1995

28 Rapee, R. M., "Memory Bias in social phobia" 32 (32): 89-99, 1994

29 Watson, D., "Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety" 33 : 448-457, 1969

30 Ashbaugh, A. R., "Interpretations of and memory for bodily sensations during public speaking" 40 : 399-411, 2009

31 Mansell, W., "Internal versus external attention in social anxiety: an investigation using a novel paradigm" 41 : 555-572, 2003

32 Amir, N., "Implicit memory bias for threat-relevant information in individuals with generalized social phobia" 109 : 713-720, 2000

33 Roediger, H. L., "Implicit memory : Retention without remembering" 45 : 1043-1056, 1990

34 Lundh, L. G., "Explicit and implicit memory bias in social phobia. The role of subdiagnostic type" 35 (35): 305-317, 1997

35 Borkovec, T. D., "Evaluation of a clinically relevant target behavior for analog outcome research" 4 : 503-513, 1974

36 Panayiotou, G., "Effects of self-focused attention on the startle reflex, heart rate, and memory performance among socially anxious and nonanxious individuals" 35 : 328-336, 1998

37 Duval, S., "Effects of self-focus, discrepancy between self ad standard, and outcome expectancy favorability on the tendency to match self to standard or to withdraw" 62 : 340-348, 1992

38 Burgio, L. L., "Effects of performance expectancy ad self-focused attention on social interaction" 50 : 1216-1221, 1986

39 Wells, A., "Effects of dispositional self-focus, appraisal and attention instructions on responses to a threatening stimulus" 3 : 291-301, 1991

40 America Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" APA 1994

41 Roediger, H. L., "Depression and implicit memory : A commentary" 101 : 587-591, 1992

42 Perruchet, P., "Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance" 17 : 77-86, 1989

43 Stopa, L., "Cognitive processes in social phobia" 31 : 255-267, 1993

44 Geller, V., "Cognitive consequence of self-awareness" 20 : 159-176, 1976

45 Glass, C. R., "Cognitive assessment of social anxiety : Development ad validation of a self-statement questionnaire" 6 : 37-55, 1982

46 Williams, J. M. G,, "Cognitive Psychology and Emotional disorders" John Willey & Sons 1997

47 MacLeod, C., "Clinical anxiety and the selective encoding of threatening information" 3 : 279-292, 1991

48 Teglasi, H., "Causal attributions of shy subjects" 16 (16): 376-385, 1982

49 MacLeod, C., "Biased cognitive operations in anxiety : accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities" 29 : 599-610, 1991

50 이영호, "BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구" 10 : 98-113, 1991

51 Hope, D. A., "Attentional focus and casual attributions in social phobia : Implications from social psychology" 9 : 46-60, 1989

52 Mogg, K., "Attentional bias to threat in clinical anxiety states" 6 : 149-159, 1992

53 Bögels, W. M., "Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia : hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention" 24 : 827-856, 2004

54 Beck, A. T., "Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective" Basic Books 1985

55 Beck, A. T., "An inventory for measuring depression" 4 : 561-571, 1961

56 Duval, S., "A theory of objective self-awareness" Academic Press 1972

57 Rapee, R. M., "A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia" 35 (35): 741-756, 1997

58 Clark, D. M., "A cognitive model of social phobia, In Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment" The Guilford Press 69-93, 1995