초등 스크래치 프로그래밍 수업에서 규명된 학습자특성, 학습몰입, 사고력 간의 구조적 관계 = Structural Relationships Among Learners`Characters, Learning Flow, and Thinking Ability in a SCRATCH Programming Course for Elementary School Students

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship among learners’characters, learning flow, and thinking ability in a SCRATCH programming course for elementary school students. Logical-mathematical intelligence and problem solving tendencies were selected as factors for the learner characteristics. Logical thinking ability, creative thinking ability, computational thinking ability were selected as the learning effect factors. The sample subjects were 240 6th grade students in a private elementary school located in Seoul. The structural equation modeling analysis was employed to validate the model and analyze the causal relationship among variables. The results showed that the proposed model was acceptable with a good fit, along with significant direct and indirect effects. First, learners’characters directly influenced learning flow, and learning flow directly influenced thinking ability. Second, learners’characters had an indirect effect on thinking ability through learning flow. Based on the results of this study, we have proposed teaching strategies to improve learning flow for learning promotion, instructional design applied learners’characters in programming course for elementary school students.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김태훈, "효율적인 문제해결자와 비효율적인 문제해결자의 기술적 문제해결 활동 비교 분석" 한국공학교육학회 10 (10): 93-108, 2007

2 강명희, "학습자의 사전지식, 인지부하, 몰입, 학업성취도 간의 관계 규명" 교과교육연구소 13 (13): 369-391, 2009

3 유지원, "학습자의 몰입에 영향을 주는 동기 요인, 심리적 중재 요인, 사회적 요인 간의 구조적 관계 규명" 이화여자대학교 2011

4 석임복, "학습 몰입의 성격 분석 연구 -학습 동기, 학업성취도 및Csikszentmihalyi의 몰입 모델 중심으로-" 한국교육공학회 24 (24): 187-212, 2008

5 이지연, "초등학생 대상 사고력 교육의 국내 연구동향 분석" 대한사고개발학회 10 (10): 43-65, 2014

6 조연순, "창의적·비판적 사고력과 교과 지식의 융합을 위한 교수-학습 모형으로서의문제중심학습(PBL)고찰" 14 (14): 295-316, 2001

7 류충규, "스크래치 프로그래밍이 초등 영재학생들의 창의적 문제해결력에 미치는 효과" 한국실과교육학회 25 (25): 149-169, 2012

8 유중현, "문제 해결과정에서의 정보과학적 사고 능력에 대한 개념적 고찰" 2 (2): 15-24, 2008

9 홍재운, "메타인지 수준에 따른 EPL 프로그래밍 학습이 논리적 사고에 미치는 영향" 한국정보과학회 36 (36): 498-507, 2009

10 김경현, "로봇활용수업이 학생의 학습몰입 향상에 미치는 효과" 한국컴퓨터교육학회 14 (14): 1-12, 2011

11 김동일, "다중지능과 교육" 학지사 2014

12 문용린, "다중지능 측정도구 개발을 위한 연구" 서울대학교 사범대학 교육연구소 2001

13 교육부, "교육부 미래부,「SW중심사회를 위한 인재양성 추진계획」발표 보도자료"

14 Torrance, E. P., "Torrance Test of Creative Thinking: Norms-technical manual" Personnel Press Ginn 1974

15 Massimini, F., "The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. Optimal Experience; Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge university press 266-287, 1988

16 Curran, P. J., "The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factory analysis" 1 (1): 16-29, 1996

17 Guo, Y., "The impact of flow on learning outcomes in a graduate-level information management course" 1 (1): 31-39, 2007

18 Heppner, P. P., "The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory" 29 (29): 66-75, 1982

19 Douglas, Y., "The Pleasure Principle: Immersion, Engagement, Flow" ACM Press 153-160, 2000

20 Roadranka, V., "The Construction and validation of Group Assessment of Logical Thinking(GALT)" 1983

21 Dusek, J. B., "Teacher expectancies" Erlbaum 1985

22 Coates, H., "Student engagement in campus-based and online education" Routledge 2006

23 Lazarus, R. S., "Stress, Appraisal and Coping" Springer Publishing Company 1984

24 MIT media lab, "Scratch goes to school. Scratch at MIT 2012 Third Keynote"

25 Hair, J. F., "Multivariate data analysis" Pearson Education, Inc 2009

26 유인환, "MINDSTORMS을 이용한 프로그래밍 학습이 창의력에 미치는 효과" 한국컴퓨터교육학회 9 (9): 49-59, 2006

27 Partnership for 21st Century Skills, "Framework for 21st century learning"

28 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Flow :The psychology of optimal experience" Harper Perennial 1990

29 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Finding flow: the Psychology of engagement with everyday life" Basic Books 1997

30 Clement, D. H., "Enhancement of creativity in computer environments" 28 (28): 173-187, 1991

31 Clement, D. H., "Effects of Computer Programming of Young Chindren's Cognition" 1984

32 Jackson, S. A., "Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience : The flow state scale" 18 (18): 17-35, 1996

33 Cuny, J., "Demystifying computational thinking for non-computer scientists"

34 Kafai, Y. B., "Constructionism in practice: Designing, thinking, and learning in a digital world" Erlbaum 1996

35 Wing, J. M., "Computational thinking-what and why?. CMU Research Notebook"

36 Wing, J. M., "Computational thinking and thinking about computing" 366 : 3717-3725, 2008

37 최재혁, "Computational thinking & 창의적 문제 해결 방법론" Ehanmedia(이한미디어) 2014

38 Wing, J. M., "Computational thinking" 19 (19): 33-35, 2006

39 최형신, "Computational Thinking역량 계발을 위한 수업 설계 및 평가 루브릭 개발" 한국정보교육학회 18 (18): 57-64, 2014

40 김수환, "Computational Literacy 교육에서프로그래밍 능력과 학습자 특성에 관한 연구" 한국컴퓨터교육학회 13 (13): 15-23, 2010

41 Harju, B. L., "Achievement of Motivation, Flow and Irration Beliefs in Traditional and nontraditional College Students" 24 (24): 147-157, 1997

42 Handelsman, M. M., "A measure of college student course engagement" 98 (98): 184-191, 2005

43 Brennan, K., "A design-based introduction to computational thinking with Scratch, Curriculum Guide Book(v20110923)" MIT Press 2011

44 교육부, "2015 문·이과 통합형 교육과정의 총론 주요사항 발표 보도자료"

45 교육인적자원부, "2009 교육정보화 백서" 2009

46 Clarke, S. G., "'Flow' experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college students" 85 : 511-523, 1994