3세 아동의 가정환경 자극과 발달 수준이7세 아동의 지능발달에 미치는 영향 = The effects of HOME environments and children development at 3 years of age on the intelligence development at 7 years of age

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the home environment and child development at 3 years of age on intelligence development at 7 years. The participants were 143 mother-child dyads whose home environment and child development were measured using the mothers' reports when the children were 3 years old. At 7 years, the children’s intelligence was evaluated using the Korean version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between home environment and child development, as well as positive correlations between child development and intelligence, and between home environment and intelligence. Educational stimuli, acceptance, and linguistic stimuli from the home environment demonstrated significant positive correlations with intelligence. Positive correlations were found between intelligence and each of the following: fine-motor, linguistic, and cognitive development. The results of the structural equation model showed that home environment at 3 years had a small influence on intelligence at 7 years, and home environment had direct positive effects on child development. Furthermore, the stage of development had direct positive effects on intelligence at the age of 7. This study suggests that home environments and the developmental levels of children in early childhood affect their intellectual development in middle childhood.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 아동 초기 가정환경 자극과 아동의 발달 수준이 7세 지능 발달에 주는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 연구 대상은 143명의 아동과 아동의 어머니 쌍들이다. 아동이 만 3세 때 가정환경 자극과 아동발달을 어머니 보고를 통해 측정하였고, 4년 후인, 만 7세 경, 한국웩슬러III 아동지능검사를 실시하여 아동의 지능을 측정하였다. 3세 가정환경, 아동 발달, 그리고 7세 지능 간 상관을 분석한 결과, 3세 가정환경과 아동발달은 매우 유의미한 상관을 보였으며, 아동발달과 지능, 그리고 가정환경과 지능도 유의미한 정적 상관을 보였다. 가정환경 자극의 하위영역 중, 학습적 자극, 온정적 반응성, 언어적 자극 등이 지능과 유의미한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 아동발달의 하위영역 중, 소근육 발달, 언어 발달, 인지 발달 등이 지능과 정적 상관을 나타냈다. 각 변인 간 직․간접적 경로를 알아보기 위해 구조방정식모형을 통해 검증한 결과, 3세 가정환경자극은 근소하게 7세 지능에 영향을 주면서, 아동발달을 통해 간접적으로 지능에 정적으로 영향을 주었다. 또한 3세 가정환경 자극은 아동발달에 그리고 아동발달은 7세 지능에 직접적으로 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 현 연구를 통해 아동 초기 가정환경 자극과 아동 발달 수준이 아동 중기 지능발달에 영향을 주고 있음이 제안되었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 곽금주, "한국 웩슬러 지능검사(K-WISC-III) 지침서" 특수교육 2001

2 문수백, "구조방정식모델링의 이해와 적용" 학지사 2009

3 홍세희, "구조방정식 모형이 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거" 19 (19): 161-177, 2000

4 Bremner, A. J., "Unimodal experience constrains while multisensory experience enriches cognitive construction" 31 : 335-336, 2008

5 Mallet, S., "Understanding home: A critical review of the literature" 52 (52): 62-89, 2004

6 McCall, R. B., "Toward an epigenetic conception of mental development, In Origins of Intelligence" Plenum 97-122, 1976

7 Molfese, V. J., "The role of environment in the developmen of readings skill: A longitudinal study of preschllo and school-age measures" 36 : 59-67, 2003

8 Hunt, J. McV, "The psychological basis for using preschool enrichment as an antidote for cultural deprivation in the disadvantaged child, In The disadvantaged child, Vol, 1" Brunner-Mazel 255-299, 1967

9 Bradley, R. H., "The consistency of the home environment and its relationship to child development" 5 : 445-465, 1982

10 Han, W., "The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment in Middle Childhood: A Study of Three Large-Scale Data Sets" 4 : 189-210, 2004

11 Bradley, R., "The HOME environment, In The crisis in youth mentl health: Critical issues and effective programs. Early intervention programs and policies. Vol. 4" Praeger/Greenwood 2006

12 Leventhal, T., "The EC-HOME Across Five National Data Sets in the 3rd to 5th Year of Life" 4 : 161-188, 2004

13 Blaga, O. M., "Structure and continuity of intellectual development in early childhood" 37 : 106-113, 2009

14 Sameroff, A. J., "Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence. The influence of social and family risk factors" 64 : 80-97, 1993

15 Tong, S., "Socioeconomic Position, Maternal IQ, HOME Environment, and Cognitive Development" 151 : 284-288, 2007

16 Jackson, A. P., "Single mothers in low-wage jobs: financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers’ outcomes" 17 (17): 1409-1423, 2000

17 Jaffee, S., "Sensitive, Stimulating caregiving predicts cognitive and behavioral resilience in neurodevelopmentally at-risk infants" 19 (19): 631-647, 2007

18 Aylward, G. P., "Presidental address. prediction of function from infancy to early childhood: Implications for pediatric psychology" 29 : 555-564, 2004

19 Howard, R. W., "Objective evidence of rising population ability; A detailed examination of longitudinal chess data" 38 : 347-363, 2005

20 김정미, "K-CDI 아동발달검사" 도서출판 특수교육 2006

21 Bahrick, L. E., "Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy" 36 : 190-201, 2000

22 Nisbett, R. E., "Intelligence; Newfindings and Theoretical Developments" 67 (67): 130-159, 2012

23 Segal, N. L., "Intellectual similarity of virtual twins pairs: developmental trends" 42 : 1209-1219, 2007

24 Rose, S. A., "Infant information processing in relation to six-year cognitive outcomes" 63 : 1126-1141, 1992

25 Duyme, M., "How can we boost IQs of “dull” children? A late adoption study" 96 : 8790-8794, 1999

26 Caldwell, B. M., "Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment" University of Arkansas 1984

27 Bornstein, M. H., "Handbook of parenting" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc 2002

28 Burton, L., "HOME place and housing in the lives of low-income, urban African families, In African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity" Guilford 166-188, 2005

29 Bradley, R. H., "HOME environment and school performance : A ten year followup and examination of three models of environmental action" 59 : 853-867, 1988

30 Bradley, R. H., "HOME environment and cognitive development in the first 3 year of life : A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America" 25 : 217-235, 1989

31 Bradley, R. H., "HOME environment and adaptive social behavior among premature, low birth weight children : Alternative models of environmental action" 20 : 347-362, 1995

32 Bradley, R. H., "HOME Observation for Measurement of the Environment a revision of the preschool scale" 84 : 235-244, 1979

33 Caldwell, B. M., "HOME Inventory Administration Manual: Comprehensive Edition" University of Arkansas 2003

34 Johnson, W., "Genetic and environmental influences on the Verbal-Perceptual image rotation(VPR) model of the structure of mental abilities in the Minnesota study of twins reared apart" 35 : 542-562, 2007

35 Jackson, S., "Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis" 126 : 703-726, 2000

36 Shonkoff, J. P., "From neurons to neighborhood: The sceince of early child development" National academy of Sciences 2000

37 Cole, S. A., "Foster caregiver motivation and infant attachment: How do reasons for fostering affect relationships?" 22 (22): 441-457, 2005

38 Evans, G., "Environment of childhood poverty" 59 (59): 77-92, 2004

39 Espy, K. A., "Effects of environmental measures on intelligence in young children: Growth curve modeling of longitudinal data" 47 : 42-73, 2001

40 Duncan, G., "Early childhood poverty and adult attainment, behavior, and health" 81 (81): 306-325, 2010

41 Shaffer, D. R., "Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence" Wadsworth 2010

42 Burchinal, M. R., "Cumulative risk and early cognitive development : A comparison of statistical risk models" 36 : 793-807, 2000

43 Humphreys, L. G., "Continuity in intellectual growth from 12 months to 9 years" 12 : 183-197, 1988

44 Craik, F. I., "Cognition through the lifespan: mechanisms of change" 10 : 131-138, 2006

45 Bradley, R. H., "Children’s home environments, health, behavior, and intervention efforts: A review using the HOME Inventory as a marker measure" 119 (119): 437-490, 1993

46 Evans, G., "Child development and the physical environment" 57 : 423-451, 2006

47 Ireton, H., "Child Development Inventory, Manual"

48 Shenkin, S. D., "Birth weight and cognitive ability in childhood : a systematic review" 130 (130): 989-1013, 2004

49 Stahmer, A., "Associations between intensity of child welfare involvemant and child development among young children in child welfare" 33 (33): 598-611, 2009

50 van IJzendoorn, M. H., "Adoption and cognitive development: A meta-analytic comparison of adopted and nonadopted children’s IQ and school performance" 131 : 301-316, 2005

51 Teasdale, D. W., "A long-term rise and recent decline in intelligence test performance: The Flynn Effect in reverse" 39 : 837-843, 2005

52 김정미, "3-6세 유아를 위한 가정환경자극 척도(EC-HOME)의 타당화 연구" 한국아동학회 28 (28): 115-128, 2007