근로자지원프로그램(EAP) 및 기업상담의 연구동향 분석: 효과연구를 중심으로 = An Analysis on Effectiveness Studies of EAP & Workplace Counseling

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since 1990s when a few major companies fist set up counseling office within workplace and started professional counseling service for employees, there has been steady growth in the number of companies making use of this service. Recently, this was followed by launch of foreign affiliated and local EAP providers. Hence, there is a growing need for effectiveness studies of professional counseling services, but the domestic research has been far short of the demand. Moreover, it is not only the responsibility of the counselor but of the company bearing the cost, to provide clients with consultation service based on empirical evidence. In this point of view, this study reviews and analyzes the advanced foreign researches on effectiveness of EAP & workplace counseling in order to give insights to domestic researchers in carrying out effectiveness analyses. Main references are 55 effectiveness studies of EAP and workplace counseling, found through literature survey of foreign cases, and online search on domestic cases. The three parties of EAP: enterprise(purchaser), clients(service user), and EAP provider or counselors(service provider) have different ways of analyzing effectiveness of EAP, and therefore different dependent variables. According to dependent variables examined, the analyses can be categorized into overall satisfaction evaluations, cost-benefit analyses, psycho-social outcome studies, and case studies. Then the character of each research was analyzed and classified by institution, program, research design, study time, and variables examined. Finally, some implications were discussed on the basis of these findings.

Key words : EAP, workplace counseling, Effectivenesss, satisfaction, outcome, cost-benefit analysis, case study

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1990년대 초반 대기업이 상담실을 설치하여 임직원에게 상담전문가에 의한 상담서비스를 제공하기 시작한 이래, 지난 10여 년 동안 상담서비스를 도입하는 기업들이 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며 최근에는 외국계 EAP 회사의 국내진출 및 국내 EAP 회사의 설립이 두드러지고 있다. 이에 따라 기업상담에 대한 효과연구의 필요성은 증가하고 있지만 국내의 연구결과는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 한편 경험적 증거에 기초한 상담은 내담자에 대한 상담자의 책무이면서 비용을 지불하는 기업에 대한 책무라는 측면에서 필요성이 대두되며 또한 전문적 위상을 높일 수 있는 방법이기도 하다. 이러한 시점에서 우리보다 앞선 외국의 효과연구 동향을 분석함으로써 향후 국내에서 효과연구를 수행하는데 도움이 되는 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 국외의 경우는 문헌연구를, 국내의 경우는 온라인 검색을 통해 총 55편의 기업상담 효과연구를 분석대상으로 하였다. 분석대상 효과연구를 기업상담 장면에서 독특한 삼각구도를 이루고 있는 구매자인 기업, 서비스 이용자인 내담자, 서비스 제공자인 EAP회사 혹은 상담가가 ‘효과를 무엇으로 보는가?’ 에 해당하는 효과변인에 대하여 내담자, 조직, 상담자의 수준에 따라 ① 전반적인 만족도 연구(14편), ② 비용-이익연구(12편), ③ 심리-사회적 성과연구(24편), ④ 사례연구(5편)로 분류하였다. 그 다음으로 효과연구 결과의 타당성에 영향을 미치는 ‘효과를 어떻게 측정하는가?’에 해당하는 연구방법의 특징들을 기관, 프로그램, 연구설계, 연구기간, 측정변인 등으로 분류하여 제시하였고 연구동향을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 연구결과를 논의하고 본 연구의 제한점 및 국내 연구의 시사점을 제언하였다.

주요어 : EAP, 기업상담, 효과연구, 만족도, 성과연구, 비용-이익연구, 사례연구

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 "직장인의 스트레스관리능력 향상을 위한 웹기반 상담프로그램 개발 및 효과분석" 2006

2 "상담의 연구방법" 서울 박영사 1997

3 "상담심리학 연구 주제론과 방법론" 서울 학지사 2000

4 "상담심리학 연구 동향 상담 및 심리치료학회지 게재논문 분석" 15 (15): 811-832, 2003

5 "삼성인의 고민과 그 해결방안 삼성인의 상담욕구 분석" 1995

6 "산업상담의 활성화 방안 연구" 연세대학교 1994

7 "기업내 심리상담 상담 주제와 상담자 능력의 탐색" 1997

8 "근로자 지원 프로그램 Employee Assistance Program 의 개념과 최신 동향" 2005

9 "workplace counseling: a poor relation? Counseling at work" 22-24, 2005

10 "the truth in measuring EAP cost benefits" 1-14, 1989

11 "the emergence of organizational counseling psychology Handbook of counseling psychology" 581-619, 1992

12 "clinical treatment and change in job perceptions Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology" 81-86, 1992

13 "Workplace Counseling a systematic approach to employee care" London SAGE 1996

14 "What is the value of your EAP" 15 (15): 20-23, 1995

15 "Virginia Power's EAP responds to management's need to know" 1992b

16 "Utilizing a brief EAP-based intervention as an agent for change in the treatment of depression" 57-65, 1992

17 "The value of EAP case management" 26 (26): 12-15, 1996

18 "The utility of personality inventories in the employee assistance process a study of EAP referred police officers" 11 (11): 21-42, 1996

19 "The self reported well being of employees facing organizational change effects of an intervention" 48 (48): 361-369, 1998

20 "The impact of stress counseling at work Handbook on job stress Journal of Behavior and Personality" 411-423, 1991

21 "The financial input of the assist managed behavioral health program at the McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company" 1990

22 "The evaluation of an employee assistance program Journal of Employment Counseling" 99-106, 1983

23 "The clients experience of brief counseling within the workplace Unpublished MA dissertation" 1999

24 "The case of the anxious executive a study from the research clinic British Journal of Medical Psychology" 221-233, 1986

25 "The Cost of Employee Assistance Programs EAPs Findings from Seven Case Studies" 1 (1): 1-20, 1996

26 "Survey research to measure EAP customer satisfaction a quality improvement tool in J M Oher ed" New York Wiley 1999

27 "Study of five years of employee counseling in an industrial medical program Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine" 91-123, 1954

28 "Research matters" 18-19, 2004

29 "Reliable improvements in life functioning of psychotherapy patients available from Dr Lueger Dept of psychology" unpublished paper Marquette University 1994

30 "Reducing absenteeism by stress management valuation of a stress counseling service" 10 (10): 367-372, 1996

31 "Psychotherapy in two-plus-one sessions outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic interpersonal therapy for subsyndromal depression" 67 (67): 201-211, 1999

32 "Psychological well being at work is prevention better than cure?" 43 (43): 93-102, 1997

33 "Performance Measures in the Employee Assistance Program" 19 (19): 45-58, 2004

34 "Nurses referred to a peer assistance program for alcohol and drug problems" 10 (10): 319-324, 1996

35 "Living and dying in an employee assistance program" 25 (25): 363-378, 1995

36 "Is staff counseling an effective intervention into employee distress? an investigation of two employee counseling services in the NHS Unpublished Ph D thesis Social and Applied Psychology Unit" 1996

37 "Explaining client satisfaction with an EAP" 14 (14): 65-78, 1999

38 "Evaluation of the effectiveness of an employee counseling programme" 1999

39 "Evaluation of an employee assistance programme Journal of Occupational Medicine" 32-37, 1987

40 "Evaluation of an employee assistance program at a transportation company" 20 (20): 495-505, 1997

41 "Establishing and evaluating an industrial social work programme" 243-251, 1988

42 "Employment and roles of counselors in employee assistance programs Journal of counseling & development" 355-359, 1993

43 "Effects of treatment duration and severity of depression on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology" 522-534, 1994

44 "Documenting the value of an EAP to administrators in higher education a survey of customer satisfaction by supervisors and managers" 3 (3): 2-5, 1999

45 "Counsellor and client perceptions of the effectiveness of time limited counseling in an occupational counseling" 8 (8): 221-231, 1995

46 "Counseling in workplace: the facts A systematic review of the research evidence" Rugby BACP 2001

47 "Counseling in the Post Office" 3-11, 1990

48 "Counseling in industry a selected review of the literature" 1-18, 1983

49 "Counseling in an organization" Harvard University Press 1966

50 "Cost effectiveness of an employee assistance program with rational emotive therapy" 140-144, 1987

51 "Cost benefit analysis shows EAP's value to employer" 28 (28): 16-20, 1998

52 "Cost Benefit of an Australian EAP" 12 (12): 1-24, 1997

53 "Core evaluation system data report March 1999 February 2000 Available from B McInnes RCN Counseling Service" Crown Hill Croydon London CR01RZ 8-10,

54 "British Journal of Medical Psychology" 97-108, 1990

55 "Brief psychotherapeutic intervention for job related distress a pilot study of prescriptive and exploratory therapy" 133-147, 1990

56 "Brief anger management therapy" 14 (14): 67-74, 1998

57 "Assisting employees with drinking problems changes in mental health job perceptions and work performance" 11 (11): 341-350, 1997

58 "Assessing satisfaction and non-response bias in an HMO sponsored EAP" 10 (10): 21-34, 1995

59 "Applied pluralism in the evaluation of employee counseling" 25 (25): 327-344, 1997

60 "An evaluation of psychotherapy for job related distress Journal of Occupational Psychology" 111-119, 1986

61 "An evaluation of counseling for employer-referred problem drinkers" 285-294, 1993

62 "An evaluated staff counseling programme in a public sector organization" 10-16, 1993

63 "An assessment of employee assistance and workplace counseling programmes in British organizations" HSE Books 1998

64 "A prospective cost-benefit estimate of the U S Postal Service EAP" 3 (3): 5-8, 1999

65 "A post office initiative to stamp out stress" 40-45, 1999

66 "A Review of EAP Evaluation in the 1990s" 19 (19): 21-38, 2004