기업주의 도시 맨체스터의 로컬리티(1984-현재) = Locality of Entrepreneurial City Manchester

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since the middle of the 20th century Manchester was affected by the economic crisis and decline by the diminition of population and the increase of unemployment rate. The Manchester local government of G. Stringer, leader of new urban left movement of Labor Party, adopted the entrepreneurial city policy with the support of City Council. It was estimated as one of the most successive neoliberalist urban planning in UK. This political option is considered as the submission to the neoliberal Thatcherism sacrificing the municipal socialism which emphasized the welfare service and economic strategy in the local, even though there is a certain policy continuity keeping the interventionism of local government.
Under the slogans of “City Pride” and “City Challenge” Manchester City tried to become a host city of the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games. The urban regeneration and the renovation planning make an impressive changes in the city center and East Manchester. The process of the landmark building construction under the flagship project shows the operation system of the public-private partnership between the local government and the private enterprise groups. This ‘growth machine’ system is working by the ‘growth coalition’ taking initiative to get the boosterism for which the entrepreneurial politics permit the public-private partnership dominated by the local elites decisions.
Manchester’s economic policy, derived from the recognition of the limits of economic sovereignty and independence, have the aim to regenerate the economic infrastructure of the city to make the capital and the labor market apt for the new localized conditions with the strong intervention of the nation-state. The change of employment structure increasing the service industry and female employment of irregular part-time job, diminished apparently the rate of unemployment. But it brings on the degradation and the destabilization of working condition in the city. The application of the ‘Urban Regime Theory’ accepting the premiss of the sharing the role of market and local government, to this case is relatively limited because there is no many cases of the entrepreneurial city project for which the local politicians or the members of City Council took the lead and the enterprisers or industrialists presented the agenda. However we think that the urban regime theory will give an reasonable explanation to the urban planning policy in Manchester if it is deepened and elaborated with the theoretical accuracy.
We should point out the danger of social crisis resulted from social exclusion combined by the structural economic decline and the increase of poverty and the danger of the retrogression of democratic rules in the municipal administration dominated by local elites, if is taken notice only the successful aspects of the city entrepreneurialism encouraged by the growth oriented policies of the urban development. Manchester of the 21th century appears as a city of post-industrial society where the cosmopolitanism and the hybridity is generalized phenomenons but it is evident that the problem of unequality and the social split and conflict are also growing. The fact that Manchester City Council is turning attention to the sustainable development policies is a good proof of realization of such problems and of the efforts to find the solution.

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