스포츠심리학 : 축구 페널티킥에서 골키퍼의 숙련도, 예측 및 사전시각단서의 활용 능력 = Utilizing Advanced Visual Cue, Anticipation, and Expertise of Goalkeeper in Soccer Penalty Kick

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons lie in those differences in the abilities of utilizing advanced visual cue and of anticipation the direction of penalty kick based on goalkeepers’ skill level. 12 subjects were selected for this study; 6 subjects (n=6) were male players with more than 10-year experience, whereas the rest (n=6) was inexperienced novices. By watching motion pictures of penalty kicks, they were required to press a reaction system as fast as they estimate the direction of ball. For this experiment, an eye movement tracking system (NAC emr-8), equipment for measuring anticipation, screen and beam projector, were prepared. By classifying the output from experiment into 1st interval between running and landing of non-kicking leg, and 2nd interval between landing of non-kicking leg and impact, the subjects’ accuracy of anticipation and visual search strategy were analyzed.
The results were as follows. First, experts tended to predict the direction of penalty kick more accurately than novices. In addition, it was found that the both groups tend to predict well on the penalty kick to side direction rather than to above and below. Second, although every experts had higher fixation time during the 1st and 2nd interval of penalty kicks, there was no difference between two groups regarding the search rate. Third, it was found that the experts gaze at kicker’s shoulder, trunk, and kicking leg during the 1st interval and at the right side of soccer ball and non-kicking leg during the 2nd interval, whereas the novices fixated longer at head, waist, non-kicking leg, and succor ball during the 1st interval and at soccer ball and kicking leg during the 2nd interval. In conclusion, it is found that the accuracy of anticipation depends on the ability of acquiring the useful visual cue based on the predictor’s experience and knowledge. The pattern of visual search was found to be different in each interval and it tells experts tend to acquire more information through the environment to anticipate penalty kick just before the impact moment.

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