스마트폰 중독 척도의 개발 = Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 스마트폰 중독 척도를 개발하기 위하여 Young 중독 척도(1998) 20 문항과 휴대폰 중독 척도(강희양, 손정락 2009) 12문항 그리고 스마트폰 관련 콘텐츠로부터 추출한 문항들을 이용하여 질문지를 만들었다. 201명의 대학생을 대상으로 한 조사 결과로부터 최종 23문항을 선정하였으며, 이에 대해 요인분석과 상관분석을 하였다. 스마트폰 중독 척도의 내적 일치도는 .86이었고, 요인분석에서 나온 5개의 요인을 ‘몰입’, ‘생활문제’, ‘일상성’, ‘과용’, ‘관계성’ 으로 명명하였다. 스마트폰 중독 척도는 우울 불안 충동성과 정적상관을 보였고 통제력과는 부적상관을 보였으며 성격 5요인 중 개방성이나 성실성과는 상관을 보이지 않았다. 스마트폰 중독 척도의 5개 요인이 새로운 자료에도 부합되는지 여부를 평가하기 위하여 105명을 대상으로 한 자료를 이용하여 교차타당도를 구하였다. 본 연구의 시사점과 향후 연구방향이 논의되었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Castellanos, F. X., "trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 288 : 1740-1748, 2002

2 Patton, J. H., "structure of the Barrat impulsiveness scale" 51 : 768-774, 1995

3 Arffa, S., "Wisconsin card sorting test performance in above average and superior school children: Relationship to intelligencen and age" 13 (13): 713-720, 1998

4 Retz-Junginger, P., "Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-K): Die deutsche Kurzform zur retrospektiven Erfassung des hyperkinetischen Syndroms bei Erwachsenen" 73 : 830-838, 2002

5 Reitan, R. M., "Validity of the trail making test as an indication of organic brain damage" 8 : 271-276, 1958

6 Cattell, R. B., "Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical Experiment" 54 : 1-22, 1963

7 Lezak, M. D., "The test-retest stability and reliability of some tests commonly used in neuropsychological assessment" 1982

8 Arffa, S., "The relationship of intelligence to executive function and non-executive function measures in a sample of average, above average, and gifted youth" 22 : 969-978, 2007

9 Kessler, R. C., "The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication" 163 (163): 716-723, 2006

10 Zametkin, A. J., "The pathophysiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: a review" 9 : 177-216, 1986

11 Kessler, R. C., "The World Health Organisation Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population" 35 (35): 245-256, 2005

12 Ward, M. F., "The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" 150 : 885-890, 1993

13 Zimmermann, P., "Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeits-prüfung (TAP)"

14 Santosh, P. J., "Stimulant drugs" 9 : I/27-I/43, 2000

15 Biederman, J., "Stability of executive function deficits into young adult years: a prospective longitudinal follow-up study of grown up males with ADHD" 116 (116): 129-136, 2007

16 Holdnack, J. A., "Speed of processing and verbal learning deficits in adults diagnosed with attention deficit disorder" 8 (8): 282-292, 1995

17 Rosenberg, M., "Society and the adolescent self-image" Princeton University Press 1965

18 Wittchen, H. U., "SKID. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I und II" Hogrefe 1997

19 Corrigan, J. D., "Relationships between Part A and B of the Trail Making Test" 43 : 402-408, 1987

20 Castellanos, F. X., "Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder" 53 : 607-616, 1996

21 Sobanski, E., "Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)" 256 (256): 26-31, 2006

22 Murphy, K., "Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: Implications for clinical diagnosis" 1 : 147-161, 1996

23 Heiligenstein, E., "Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students" 46 : 185-188, 1998

24 Snow, W. G., "One-year test-retest reliability of selected neuropsychological tests in older adults (abstract)" 10 : 60-, 1988

25 Spreen, O., "Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia: Manual of Directions, In Revised Edition" Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Victoria 1977

26 Hervey, Y., "Neuropsychology of adults with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review" 18 (18): 485-503, 2004

27 Faraone, S. V., "Neuropsychological studies of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 60 : 1081-1087, 2006

28 Johnson, D. E., "Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder" 16 : 587-604, 2001

29 Walker, A. J., "Neuropsychological functioning of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" 22 (22): 115-124, 2000

30 Woods, S. P., "Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with ADHD: A comprehensive review of initial studies" 16 (16): 12-34, 2002

31 Epstein, J. N., "Neuropsychological assessment of response inhibition in adults with ADHD" 23 (23): 362-371, 2001

32 Müller, B. W., "Neuropsychological assessment of adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 257 : 112-119, 2007

33 Jenkins, M., "Neuropsychological Measures which discriminate among adults with residual symptoms of attention deficit disorder and other attentional complaints" 12 (12): 74-83, 1998

34 Seidman, L. J., "Neuro- psychological function in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" 260-268, 1998

35 Miceli, G., "Neuro- psychological correlates of localized cerebral lesions in nonaphasic brain-damaged patients" 3 : 53-56, 1981

36 Lehrl, S., "Mehrfach Wortschatz Intelligenztest" Perimed-spitta 1995

37 Hautzinger, M., "Inventar Depressiver Symptome" Beltz Test 1996

38 Rösler, M., "Instrumente zur Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter" 75 (75): 888-895, 2004

39 Reuter, M., "Inferring candidate genes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessed by the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)" 113 (113): 929-938, 2006

40 Casey, B. J., "Implication of right frontostriatal circuitry in response inhibition and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 36 : 374-383, 1997

41 Amen, D. G., "High- resolution brain SPECT imaging in ADHD" 9 (9): 81-86, 1997

42 Rapport, L. J., "Executive functioning in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder" 15 (15): 479-491, 2001

43 Riccio, C. A., "Executive function and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Relationship with behavioral ratings and cognitive ability" 10 (10): 215-229, 1994

44 Miller, R. E., "Effect of antihypertensive treatment on the behavioral consequences of elevated blood pressure" 6 : 202-208, 1984

45 Dougherty, D. D., "Dopamine transporter density is elevated in patient with ADHD" 354 : 2132-2133, 1999

46 Kronfol, Z., "Depression and hemispheric functions: Changes associated with unilateral ECT" 132 : 560-567, 1978

47 Laux, L., "Das State-Trait- Angstinventar: Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung" Beltz Test 1981

48 Epstein, J. N., "Continuous performance test results of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" 12 (12): 155-168, 1998

49 Conners, C. K., "Conners`Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS): Technical Manual" MHS 1999

50 Murphy, P., "Cognitive functioning in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" 5 (5): 203-209, 2002

51 McLean, A., "Characteristic neurocognitive profile associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" 34 : 681-692, 2004

52 Zametkin, A. J., "Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset" 323 : 1361-1366, 1990

53 Barkley, R. A., "Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD" 121 (121): 65-94, 1997

54 Swanson, J. M., "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder" 351 : 429-433, 1998

55 Cantwell, D. P., "Attention deficit disorder: A review of the past 10 years" 35 : 978-987, 1996

56 Barkley, R. A., "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" The Guilford Press 1998

57 Clark, L., "Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: A link to right frontal cortex pathology?" 61 : 1395-1401, 2007

58 Miller, W. R., "Assessment of neuropsychological impairment and brain damage in problem drinkers, In Clinical neuropsychology: Interface with neurologic and psychiatric disorders" Grune & Stratton 1983

59 Welsh, M. C., "Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology" 4 : 199-230, 1988

60 Benton, A. L., "Aphasia Examination" AKA Associates 1989

61 Parsons, E. J. C., "An Investigation of appropriate neuropsychological assessment procedures with adults in the higher intelligence ranges" 45 (45): 1592-B, 1984

62 Weißner, B., "Agreement between 2 diagnostic intelligence test procedures (HAWIE and MWT-B) in a sample of patients with pronounced psychopathology" 33 (33): 744-748, 1981

63 Mannuzza, S., "Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up" 155 : 493-498, 1998

64 Downey, K. K., "Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Psychological test profiles in a clinical population" 185 (185): 32-38, 1997

65 Cohen, J. D., "Activation of the prefrontal cortex in nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI" 1 : 293-304, 1994

66 Welsh, M. C., "A normative-developmental study of executive function: a window on prefrontal function in children" 7 : 131-149, 1991

67 Shekim, W. O., "A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state" 31 (31): 416-425, 1990

68 Spreen, O., "A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary" Oxford University Press 1991