한국 수도권 중년여성들의 성격적 강점과 행복과의 관계 = Character Strengths: Their Relationships with Happiness among Middle-Aged Women at Korean Metropolitan Area

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study investigated the distribution of character strengths, their association with happiness, and the age differences in the relation of happiness to character strengths among 312 middle-aged women at Korean metropolitan area(M age = 42.07, SD = 3.78). Participants completed Inventory of Character Strengths and three different happiness-related scales. Results showed that love was the most frequently reported strength and that gratitude, authenticity, optimism, fairness, and modesty were other strengths reported frequently. Gratitude, love, optimism, zest, and persistence were strongly associated with happiness-related measures. In general, the results of multiple-linear regression analysis indicated that gratitude, love, and self-regulation were significant predictors to happiness. No age differences were found in the distribution of character strengths and the relation of happiness to character strengths. Finally, the limitations and implications of this study and suggestions for future studies are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 한국 수도권 중년여성들의 성격적 강점과 행복관련 변인들과의 관계를 조사하였다. 이를 위해 서울 및 경인 소재 중년 여성들 312명을 대상으로 성격적 강점 척도, 한국판 긍정심리치료 척도, 삶의 만족도 척도, 심리적 안녕감 척도를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 자료는 빈도분석, 상관분석 및 다중선형회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 사랑, 감사, 진실성, 낙관성, 공정성의 성격적 강점 순으로 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 그리고 상관분석 결과에서는 감사, 사랑, 낙관성, 활력, 끈기 등의 성격적 강점이 여러 행복관련 변인들과 상관이 높았다. 다중선형회귀분석결과에서는 감사, 사랑, 자기조절이 세 개의 준거변인 모두에 중요한 긍정적 기여를 하는 예측변인이었다. 이 결과는 한국 수도권 중년여성들의 행복증진을 위한 전략을 계획할 때, 감사, 사랑, 낙관성, 활력, 끈기, 자기조절 등의 성격적 강점들을 활용하도록 하는 것이 유리할 것임을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 제한점, 그리고 본 연구의 의의와 추후 연구를 위한 제안점들이 논의되었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 윤성민, "한국판 긍정심리치료척도의 타당화 연구" 한국상담심리학회 22 (22): 707-732, 2010

2 임영희, "중년 기혼여성의 스트레스와 대처방안에 관한 연구" 경희대학교 행정대학원 2004

3 김명소, "심리적 안녕감의 구성개념 : 한국 성인 남녀를 대상으로" 15 (15): 19-39, 2001

4 이은경, "신경증과 외향성이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향 : 우울과 긍정적 정서의 중요성" 연세대학교 대학원 2005

5 손봉기, "성격적 강점이 군 생활 만족도에 미치는 영향" 서울대학교 대학원 2009

6 임영진, "성격 강점과 긍정 심리치료가 행복에 미치는 영향" 서울대학교 대학원 2010

7 권석만, "서울대 리더십 향상 프로그램의운영을 위한 성격 강점 검사의 개발" 2009

8 Emmons, R. A., "Words of gratitude for the mind, body, and soul" Templeton Foundation Press 2001

9 Gable, S. L., "Will you be there for me when things go right? Supportive responses to positive event disclosures" 91 (91): 904-917, 2006

10 Lee, D., "What makes you happy? : A comparison of self-reported criteria of happiness between two cultures" 50 (50): 351-362, 1999

11 Shweder, R. A., "Welcome to Middle Age! (and Other Cultural Fiction)" University of Chicago Press 1998

12 Tkach, C., "Unlocking the treasury of human kindness: Enduring improvements in mood, happiness, and self-evaluations" University of California 2005

13 Ryff, C. D., "Through the lens of culture: Psychological well-being at midlife" 1993

14 Baron, J., "Thinking and deciding" Cambridge University Press 2000

15 Ryff, C. D., "The structure of psychological well-being revisited" 69 (69): 719-727, 1995

16 Diener, E., "The satisfaction with life scale" 49 (49): 71-75, 1985

17 Kitayama, S., "The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being, In Culture and Subjective Well-Being" The MIT Press 113-162, 2000

18 Loewenstein, G., "The psychology of curiosity : A review and reinterpretation" 116 (116): 75-98, 1994

19 Chan, D. W., "The hierarchy of strengths : Their relationships with subjective well-being among Chinese teachers in Hong Kong" 25 (25): 867-875, 2009

20 Lyubomirsky, S., "The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?" 131 (131): 803-855, 2005

21 Peterson, C., "Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction" 2 (2): 149-156, 2007

22 Dunn, E. W., "Spending money on others promotes happiness" 319 (319): 1687-1688, 2008

23 Lu, L., "Sources of happiness : a qualitative approach" 137 (137): 181-187, 1997

24 Suh, E. M., "Self, the hyphen between culture and subjective well-being, In Culture and Subjective Well-Being" The MIT Press 63-86, 2000

25 Lyubomirsky, S., "Pursuing happiness : The architecture of sustainable change" 9 (9): 111-131, 2005

26 Rashid, T., "Positive psychotherapy inventory"

27 Seligman, M. E. P., "Positive psychology progress : Empirical validation of interventions" 60 (60): 410-421, 2005

28 Shigehiro Oishi, "Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life" ANNUAL REVIEWS 54 (54): 403-425, 2003

29 Kwan, V. S. Y., "Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction : Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem" 73 (73): 1038-1051, 1997

30 Seligman, M. E. P., "Learned optimism, Second edition" Pocket Books (Simon and Schuster) 1998

31 Furnham, A., "Lay theories of happiness" 1 (1): 227-246, 2000

32 Koo, M., "It’s a wonderful life : Mentally subtracting positive events improves people’s affective states, contrary to their affective forecasts" 95 (95): 1217-1224, 2008

33 Lu, L., "Individual-oriented and socially oriented cultural conceptions of subjective well-being : Conceptual analysis and scale development" 9 (9): 36-49, 2006

34 Ryff, C. D., "Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being" 57 (57): 1069-1081, 1989

35 Snyder, C. R., "Handbook of hope: Theory, measurement, and interventions" Academic Press 2000

36 McCullough, M., "Forgiveness as human strength : Theory, measurement, and links to well-being" 19 (19): 43-55, 2000

37 Sin, N. L., "Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions : A practice-friendly meta-analysis" 65 (65): 467-487, 2009

38 American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" American Psychiatric Association 1994

39 Lu, L., "Culture, self and ways to achieve SWB : a cross-cultural analysis" 5 (5): 51-79, 2004

40 Lu, L., "Culture values and happiness : An East-West dialogue" 141 (141): 477-493, 2001

41 Lu, L., "Culture and conceptions of happiness : Individual oriented and social oriented SWB" 5 (5): 269-291, 2004

42 Diener, E., "Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem" 68 (68): 635-663, 1995

43 Emmons, R. A., "Counting blessings versus burdens : An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life" 84 (84): 377-389, 2003

44 Shimai, S., "Convergence of character strengths in American and Japanese young adults" 7 (7): 311-322, 2006

45 Meng, X., "Comparing correlated correlational coefficients" 111 (111): 172-175, 1992

46 Linley, P. A., "Character strengths in the United Kingdom : The VIA Inventory of Strengths" 43 (43): 341-351, 2007

47 Park, N., "Character strengths and well-being" 23 (23): 603-619, 2004

48 Peterson, C., "Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification" Oxford University Press, American Psychological Association 2004

49 Taylor, S. H., "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females : Tend-and-befriend, fight-or-flight" 107 (107): 411-429, 2000

50 Seligman, M. E. P., "Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment" Free Press 2002

51 Cohen, J., "Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2003