공포, 혐오감, 분노가 담뱃갑 경고그림 태도, 흡연 태도 및 금연의도에 미치는 영향 = An Exploratory Study of the Effectiveness of Cigarette Warning Label On the Basis of the Effects of Fear, Disgust, Anger on Attitudes and Behavioral Intention

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Since Korea joined in and ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2005, Korea has been requested to implement graphic cigarette warning labels on tobacco products. It is critical to conduct a pilot study on the effects and target population groups of cigarette warning labels before a policy decision is made on the introduction of the labels. This study is intended to explore diverse emotions resulting from the exposure to graphic cigarette warning labels, and their effects on warning message attitudes, smoking attitudes and behavioral intention to maintain nonsmoking or stop smoking using a college student sample. Based on fear appeal theories and discrete emotion models, this study analyzed main effects and interaction effects of discrete emotions on attitudes and behavioral intention. Research findings show positive relations between perceived threat and three emotions. fear, disgust, and anger. As fear increases, message attitudes get more positive and smoking attitudes get more negative. Anger and fear show interaction effects on message attitude and smoking attitudes. Disgust tend to reject warning messages through its main effect. Finally, the younger students and students with less smoking experiences are more likely to show negative smoking attitudes and stronger behavioral intentions.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김현숙, "흡연 대학생의 담뱃갑 금연 경고문구와 그림경고문에 대한 평가" 대한가정의학회 25 (25): 469-474, 2004

2 Thompson, T, "헬스커뮤니케이션" 커뮤니케이션북스 2003

3 백혜진, "헬스 커뮤니케이션의 메시지·수용자·미디어 전략" 커뮤니케이션북스 2012

4 이성규, "세계적 대세 : 담뱃갑 경고이미지" (3) : 115-121, 2013

5 연합뉴스, "복지부 담뱃갑에 흡연경고사진 부착 관철"

6 유재순, "대학생의 흡연 관련 요인에 대한 진단적 연구 -PRECEDE 모형을 근간으로-" 한국간호교육학회 13 (13): 266-276, 2007

7 KBS, "담뱃갑 경고 그림·성분 공개…복지부 숙원 풀리나?"

8 오미영, "담배산업 비정상화 전략의 효과에 관한 연구: 담배산업 및 흡연관련 신념, 반감, 태도 및 행위의사에 미치는 영향" 한국언론학회 55 (55): 277-303, 2011

9 조형오, "금연광고 메시지 유형의 효과 분석" 11 (11): 133-157, 2000

10 서미경, "건강증진정책평가 및 실천방향" 한국보건사회연구원 2006

11 김은경, "건강신념모형에 기반한 간접흡연 노출시 담배를 꺼달라고 요청하는 대학생의 주장행위 관련요인" 대한임상건강증진학회 11 (11): 160-168, 2011

12 Ling, P, "Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: Evidence from industry documents" 92 : 908-916, 2002

13 Kees, J, "Understanding how graphic pictorial warnings work on cigarette packaging" 25 : 212-223, 2010

14 Nabi, R, "The theoretical versus the lay meaning of disgust" 16 : 695-703, 2002

15 Davis, R. M, "The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use" .S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute 2008

16 Dillard, J, "The role of fear in persuasion" 21 : 909-926, 2004

17 Dillard, J, "The persuasive influence of emotion in cancer prevention and detection messages" 56 : S123-S139, 2006

18 Dillard, J, "The multiple affective outcomes of AIDS PSAs" 23 : 44-72, 1996

19 Peters, E, "The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers" 9 : 473-481, 2007

20 Popova, L, "The extended parallel process model: Illuminating the gaps in research" 39 : 455-473, 2012

21 Shen, L, "The effectiveness of empathy- versus fear-arousing antismoking ads" 26 : 404-415, 2011

22 Biener, L, "The continuing importance of emotion in tobacco control media campaigns: A response to Hastings and MacFadyen" 11 : 75-77, 2002

23 Ortony, A, "The cognitive structure of emotions" Cambridge University Press 1988

24 Hershey, J, "The Theory of “truth”: How Counterindustry Campaigns Affect Smoking Behavior Among Teens" 24 : 22-31, 2005

25 Haas, A. L, "The Relationship of smoking status to alcohol use, problems, and health behaviors in college freshmen" 22 : 758-767, 2012

26 Nabi, R, "The Persuasion Handbook" Sage 289-308, 2002

27 Peters, E, "The Functions of Affect in Health Communications and in the Construction of Health Preferences" 56 : S140-S162, 2006

28 Devlin, E, "Targeting smokers via tobacco product labeling" 20 : 41-49, 2005

29 Rogers, R. W, "Social Psychophysiology" Guilford 1983

30 BRC Marketing, "Smoking health warnings stage 2:Optimising smoking health warnings-text graphics, size, and colour testing"

31 Fatherlrahman, A, "Smokers’ responses towards cigarette pack warning labels in predicting quit intention, stage of change, and self-efficacy" 11 : 248-253, 2009

32 Leshner, G, "Scare’em or Disgust’em: The effects of graphic health promotion messages" 24 : 447-458, 2009

33 O’Hegarty, M, "Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages" 30 : 467-473, 2006

34 Witte, K, "Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model" 59 : 329-349, 1992

35 Dillard, J, "On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication" 72 : 144-168, 2005

36 Hair, J. F, "Multivariate Data Analysis" Prentice Hall 2006

37 Aiken, L. S, "Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions" 1991

38 Shen, L, "Mitigating psychological reactance: The role of message-induced empathy in persuasion" 36 : 397-422, 2010

39 Witte, K, "Message and conceptual confounds in fear appeals: The role of threat, fear, and efficacy" 58 (58): 147-155, 1993

40 Woody, S, "Intersection of fear and disgust" 7 : 291-311, 2000

41 Haidt, J, "Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust" 16 : 701-713, 1994

42 Miller, C, "Impact on the Australian Quitline of new, graphic cigarette pack warnings including the Quitline number" 18 : 228-234, 2009

43 Hammond, D, "Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behavior" 12 : 391-395, 2003

44 Borland, R, "How reaction to cigarette packet health warnings influence quitting: findings from the ITC four country survey" 104 : 669-675, 2009

45 Helme, D. W, "Health, masculinity and smokeless tobacco use among college-aged men" 27 : 467-477, 2012

46 Hammond, D, "Health warning messages on tobacco products: A review" 20 : 327-337, 2011

47 WHO TIF, "Guidelines for implementation of Article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Packaging and labeling of tobacco products)"

48 Strasser, A, "Graphic warning Labels in cigarette advertisements" 43 : 41-47, 2012

49 Hammond, D, "Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes" 94 : 1442-1445, 2004

50 Strahan, E, "Enhancing the effectiveness of tobacco package warning labels" 11 : 183-190, 2002

51 Hammond, D, "Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey" 15 (15): 19-25, 2012

52 White, V, "Do graphic health warning labels have an impact on adolescents’ smoking related beliefs and behaviors" 103 : 1562-1571, 2008

53 Hale, J, "Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice" Sage 65-80, 1995

54 Davis, J, "Consumer response to corporate environmental advertising" 11 (11): 25-37, 1994

55 U.K. Department of Health, "Consultation on the introduction of picture warnings on tobacco packs"

56 Canadian Cancer Society, "Cigarette package health warnings: International status report" 2012

57 Environics Research Group, "Canadian adult and youth opinions on the sizing of health warning messages" Environics Research Group Limited

58 Sepe, E., "Bar and club tobacco promotions in the alternative press: Targeting young adults" 92 : 75-78, 2002

59 Cohen, E, "Anti-smoking media campaign messages: Theory and practice" 22 : 91-102, 2007

60 Dillard, J, "Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements" 27 : 461-495, 2000

61 Moodie, C, "Adolescents’ response to text-only tobacco health warnings" 20 : 463-469, 2010

62 Goodall, C, "Adolescents’ perceptions of Canadian cigarette package warning labels: Investigating the effects of message framing" 23 : 117-127, 2008

63 Vardavas, C, "Adolescents perceived effectiveness of the proposed European graphic tobacco warning labels" 19 : 212-217, 2009

64 Rogers, R. W, "A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change" 91 : 93-114, 1975

65 Witte, K, "A meta-analysis of fear appeals" 27 : 591-615, 2000

66 Nabi, R, "A Cognitive-Functional Model for the Effects of Discrete Negative Emotions on Information Processing, Attitude Change, and Recall" 9 : 292-320, 1999

67 보건복지부, "2011 상반기 흡연실태 조사 결과" 2011