노년기 자기 통제감에 영향을 주는 요인 = Determinants of Sense of Control in Later Life

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Given the central role of sense of control in physical and emotional well-being, the present study examined the determinants of sense of control among Korean elders. We considered sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, education, and self-perceived economic status), health-related factors (chronic conditions, functional disability, and sensory impairment), stressful life events, and network-related resources (network of relatives, network of friends, and filial satisfaction) as potential predictors. Sense of control was measured with Pearlin and Schooler's (1978) Mastery Scale. Hierarchical regression analyses with 291 Korean elders aged 60 or older (M age = 69.9) identified lower self-perceived economic status, more chronic conditions, greater functional disability, greater vision impairment, more stressful life events, and lower filial satisfaction as significant risk factors for a diminished sense of control. Because most of the identified risks represent normative experiences during later life, the results underscored the importance of preserving or promoting sense of control for older adults. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

자기 통제감은 노년기의 다양한 스트레스 상황에서 신체적·정신적 건강을 보호하고 증진시키는 역할을 한다고 밝혀져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 노년기 자기 통제감에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석하였다. 주요 영향 요인을 (1) 사회 인구학적 특성, (2) 신체 건강 상태, (3) 최근 일어난 부정적 생활사건, (4) 사회 관계적 자원으로 분류하였다. 국내 다섯 개 도시에 거주하는 60세 이상 노인 291명(평균 연령 = 69.9)을 연구 대상으로 하였고, 자기 통제감은 Pearlin과 Schooler(1978)의 Mastery Scale의 7항목으로 측정되었다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 경제 수준, 만성 질환, 일상생활 수행 장애, 시력, 부정적 생활사건 경험, 그리고 자녀와의 관계 만족도가 자기 통제감에 유의한 영향을 주는 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 통해, 노년기 자기 통제감 증진을 위한 개입이나 사회적 프로그램 개발의 중요성을 제시하였다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김미혜, "한국 노인의 '성공적 노후 척도' 개발에 관한 연구" 한국노년학회 25 (25): 35-52, 2005

2 정순둘, "저소득 노인의 가족동거여부와 삶의 만족도" 한국가족사회복지학회 (11) : 60-79, 2003

3 남현주, "여성 노인이 지각하는 통제감이 우울감과만족도에 미치는 영향" 한국노인복지학회 8 (8): 255-277, 2005

4 김미혜, "성공적 노후를 위한 한국 노부모의 성인자녀에 대한 기대" 한국가족사회복지학회 (13) : 43-75, 2004

5 윤현숙, "노인의 건강상태가 생활만족도에 미치는 영향에 대한 사회적 관계의 매개효과 및 중재효과" 한국노년학회 27 (27): 649-666, 2007

6 김미혜, "노년기 우울증 원인에 대한 경로분석" 20 (20): 211-226, 2000

7 Pearlin, L.I., "The structure of coping" 19 : 2-21, 1978

8 Pearlin, L.I., "The stress process" 22 : 337-356, 1981

9 Holmes, T. H., "The social readjustment rating scale" 11 : 315-328,

10 Lachman, M.E., "The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being" 74 (74): 763-773, 1998

11 Jang, Y., "The role of mastery and social resources in the associations between disability and depression in later life" 42 (42): 807-813, 2002

12 Balaswamy, S., "The cumulative effects of life event, personal and social resources on subjective well-being of elderly widowers" 53 : 311-327, 2001

13 Mausbach, B.T., "The attenuating effect of personal mastery on the relations between stress and Alzheimer caregiver health: A five-year longitudinal analysis"

14 DeSocio, J., "Testing the relationship between self-agency and enactment of health behaviors" 26 : 20-29, 2003

15 Krause, N., "Social support and feelings of personal control in later life. In Sourcebook social support and personality" Plenum Press 335-355, 1997

16 George, L. K., "Social factors and illness. In R.H. Binstock & L.K. George (Eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (4th ed., pp. 229-252). San Diego, CA: Academic Press"

17 Rodin, J., "Sense of control, aging, and health. In Aging, health, and behavior" Sage 174-206, 1991

18 Zeiss, A. M., "Relationship of physical disease and functional impairment to depression in older people" 11 : 572-581, 1996

19 Jang, Y, "Psychosocial resources as predictors of depression among older adults in Korea: The role of sense of mastery, social network, and social support" 2 (2): 26-, 2000

20 Shin, H.S., "Predictors of psychological well-being amongst Korean immigrants to the United States: a structured interview survey" 44 (44): 415-426, 2007

21 Roberts, B. L., "Physical, psychological, and social resources as moderators of the relationship of stress to mental health of the very old" 49 : S35-S43, 1994

22 Zarit, S.H., "Personal control in social and life course contexts" Springer Publishing Company 2003

23 Folkman, S., "Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis" 46 (46): 839-852, 1984

24 Fillenbaum, G., "Multidimensional functional assessment: The Duke older Americans resources and services procedure. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum"

25 Steunenberg, B., "Mastery and neuroticism predict recovery of depression in later life" 15 (15): 234-242, 2007

26 West, C.G., "Is vision function related to physical functional ability in older adults?" 50 (50): 136-145, 2002

27 Ashman, O., "Influence of culture and age on control beliefs: The missing link of interdependence" 62 (62): 143-157, 2006

28 Seeman, M., "Health behavior and personal autonomy: a longitudinal study of the sense of control in illness" 24 : 144-160, 1983

29 Thoits, P.A., "Gender and marital status differences in control and distress: common stress versus unique stress explanations" 28 : 7-22, 1987

30 Yoon, H., "Factors affecting quality of life of the Korean aged stroke patients" 44 : 167-181, 1997

31 Mirowsky, J., "Education, personal control, lifestyle and health: A human capital hypothesis" 20 (20): 415-449, 1998

32 Murrell, S.A., "Distribution and desirability of life events in older adults: Population and policy implications" 12 : 304-311, 1984

33 Wallsten, S.M., "Disability and depressive symptoms in the elderly: The effects of instrumental support and its subjective appraisal" 48 : 145-159, 1999

34 Jang, Y., "Depressive symptoms among African American and white older adults" 60B (60B): 313-319, 2005

35 Skaff, M.M., "Cultural variations in meaning of control. In Personal control in social and life course contexts" Springer Publishing Company 83-106, 2003

36 Jang, Y., "Correlates of sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants: Financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges" 63 (63): 1-, 2006

37 Seelbach, W., "Correlates of aged parents' filial responsibility expectations and realizations" 27 : 341-350, 1978

38 전해숙, Ruth E. Dunkle, "Correlates of Worry Over Time Among the Oldest-Old" 한국노년학회 26 (26): 403-416, 2006

39 Lubben, J., "Assessing social networks among elderly populations" 11 : 42-52, 1988

40 Noh, S., "Asian immigrants and the stress process: A study of Koreans in Canada" 37 : 192-206, 1996

41 Nagi, S. Z., "An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States" 54 : 439-467, 1976

42 Rodin, J., "Aging and health: Effects of the sense of control" 233 (233): 1271-1276, 1986

43 Wahl, H., "Age-related macular degeneration and change in psychological control: Role of time since diagnosis and functional ability" 62B (62B): 90-97, 2007

44 Schieman, S., "Age, education and the sense of control: A test of the cumulative advantage hypothesis" 23 (23): 153-178, 2001

45 Schieman, S., "Age, disability, and the sense of mastery" 39 : 169-186, 1998

46 Neupert, S.D., "Age differences in reactivity to daily stressors: The role of personal control" 62B (62B): 216-225, 2007

47 Wolinsky, F.D., "Age and the sense of control among older adults" 51B (51B): 217-220, 1996

48 Mirowsky, J., "Age and the sense of control" 58 (58): 31-43, 1995

49 Schulz, R., "Adult development, control, and adaptive?functioning" 47 (47): 177-196, 1991

50 Reich, J. W., "A perceived control intervention for at-risk older adults" 4 (4): 415-424, 1989

51 Skaff, M.M., "A contextual model of control beliefs, behavior, and health: Latino and European Americans with type 2 diabetes" 18 (18): 295-312, 2003

52 Rosow, I., "A Guttman Health Scale for the aged" 21 : 556-559, 1966