북한이탈 어머니가 지각하는 사회적 지지, 문화적응 스트레스 및 양육효능감 간의 관계 = The Relationship among Perceived Social Support, Acculturative Stress, and Parenting Efficacy among Mothers Who Defected from North Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current study examined the relationship between perceived social support, acculturative stress, and parenting efficacy. In addition, we examined the mediating effects of acculturative stress in the relation between perceived social support and parenting efficacy. 97 mothers who had defected from North Korea were surveyed regarding perceived social support, acculturative stress, and parenting efficacy. The results from the regression analyses indicated that first, for the mothers who had defected from North Korea, perceived material support was significantly related to parenting efficacy. That is, the mothers who perceived greater material support felt more efficacious as a parent. Second, a sense of discrimination was negatively associated with parenting efficacy. Third, perceived informational and material support were significantly and negatively correlated with a sense of discrimination. Fourth, perceived psychological support was negatively associated with a sense of homesickness. Finally, feelings of experiencing discrimination and homesickness mediated either partially or fully the relation between perceived social support and parenting efficacy. These findings indicate that providing social support and attempting to alleviate acculturative stress are essential to enhance parenting efficacy for mothers who have defected from North Korea.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 북한이탈 어머니가 지각하는 사회적 지지, 문화적응 스트레스 및 양육효능감 간의 관계를 살펴보고 사회적 지지와 양육효능감 간의 관계에서 문화적응 스트레스의 매개적 역할을 살펴보았다. 학령기 자녀를 둔 97명의 북한이탈 어머니들이 스스로가 지각하는 사회적 지지, 문화적응 스트레스, 양육효능감을 알아보기 위한 질문지에 응답하였다. 그 결과, 북한이탈 어머니들은 물질적 지지를 높게 지각하고 차별감과 관련된 스트레스를 덜 받을수록 높은 양육효능감을 가지고 있었다. 또한 정보적 지지와 물질적 지지를 높게 지각할수록 차별감과 관련된 스트레스를 덜 받았으며, 심리적 지지를 높게 지각할수록 향수병과 관련된 스트레스를 덜 경험하였다. 마지막으로, 차별감 및 향수병과 관련된 문화적응 스트레스는 사회적 지지와 양육효능감 간의 관계를 부분 혹은 완전매개 하였다. 이러한 결과는 북한이탈 어머니들의 양육효능감을 증진시키기 위해서는 사회적 지지가 제공되어야 하며 문화적응 스트레스를 경감시키기 위한 노력이 이루어질 필요가 있다는 것을 시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김미령, "탈북자의 적응스트레스와 사회적 지지가 우울증에 미치는 영향" 한국사회복지학회 57 (57): 193-217, 2005

2 박윤숙, "탈북 청소년의 사회적 지지 특성과 남한사회 적응과의 관계" 한국사회학회 41 (41): 124-155, 2007

3 강란혜, "탈북 아동과 부모를 위한 남한사회에서의 심리사회적 적응프로그램 효과" 한국지역사회복지학회 (27) : 173-193, 2008

4 이정신, "유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육스트레스와 사회적 지원이 양육효능감에 미치는 영향" 한국놀이치료학회 13 (13): 19-32, 2010

5 김미숙, "유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육 스트레스 및 양육 효능감과 양육 행동과의 관계" 대한가정학회 43 (43): 25-35, 2005

6 김미정, "유아기 자녀를 둔 새터민 부모의 양육 이야기" 한국아동학회 28 (28): 71-94, 2007

7 송미혜, "유아기 어머니의 양육스트레스 및 사회적 지지가양육효능감에 미치는 영향" 한국열린유아교육학회 12 (12): 165-183, 2007

8 최형성, "여성결혼이민자의 어린 아동의 문제행동 모형 탐색： 중국, 필리핀, 베트남 출신 여성결혼이민자를 중심으로" 한국아동학회 30 (30): 197-211, 2009

9 최형성, "어머니의 양육효능감에 관한 연구" 대한가정학회 43 (43): 111-123, 2005

10 김현미, "어머니의 양육스트레스, 양육효능감 및 양육행동과 아동의 사회적 능력간의 관계" 한국아동학회 25 (25): 279-298, 2004

11 이부미, "어린이집에서 친구 사귀기를 통해 본 탈북 유아의 남한사회 적응생활" 한국아동권리학회 8 (8): 353-387, 2004

12 송연숙, "양육스트레스, 양육지식이 양육효능감에 미치는 영향 : 영유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 비교연구" 한국열린유아교육학회 13 (13): 181-203, 2008

13 채정민, "심리학적 관점에서의 남북한 문화이질성: 북한이탈주민의 심리적 적응을 중심으로" 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 10 (10): 79-101, 2004

14 김종국, "새터민청소년의 사회적 지지가 문화적응 스트레스에 미치는 영향" 미래를 여는 청소년학회 5 (5): 103-119, 2008

15 김성윤, "새터민 정착의 실태와 문제점 및 개선방안" 한국동북아학회 11 (11): 249-270, 2006

16 강재희, "새터민 유아의 어린이집 생활" 교육과학연구소 39 (39): 45-66, 2008

17 서보람, "새터민 아동·청소년의 문화적응 스트레스에 영향을 미치는 사회적 지지 분석" 한국아동권리학회 11 (11): 121-137, 2007

18 김창권, "북한이탈주민의 남한노동시장에서의 취업 결정요인 연구" 한독경상학회 25 (25): 15-39, 2007

19 홍나미, "북한이탈여성의 자녀양육경험에 관한 근거이론접근" 한국사회복지연구회 41 (41): 307-343, 2010

20 김미령, "북한이탈 주민들이 인지한 적응의 어려움과 극복자원이 우울성향에 미치는 영향-남성과 여성의 비교" 한국정신보건사회복지학회 (20) : 95-124, 2005

21 윤인진, "북한이주민의 사회적응 실태와 정착지원방안" 아세아문제연구소 50 (50): 106-143, 2007

22 김태동, "문화적응스트레스와 학교적응 관계에서 탈북 후기청소년의 자기효능감 매개효과 연구" 한국청소년학회 17 (17): 277-296, 2010

23 김도희, "다문화 가정 결혼이민자의 양육효능감에 관한 경로분석 연구" 한국가족관계학회 14 (14): 77-98, 2009

24 임지영, "남한 사회에 정착한 북한이탈주민의 생활스트레스, 지각된 사회적 지지, 대처방식과 전반적인 심리증상 간 관계" 한국임상심리학회 29 (29): 631-638, 2010

25 권구영, "국제결혼 이주여성의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는 요인 -전라남도 거주 국제결혼 이주여성을 중심으로-" 한국사회조사연구소 8 (8): 187-219, 2007

26 Ministry of Unification, "Unification white paper" Ministry of Unification 2011

27 Kim, S. C., "The study of the influence of North Korean political socialization on the adaptation of the North Korean escapees to South Korea" Kyungnam University 2006

28 Chung, Y. J., "The study of South Korea residents’recognition about the defectors form the North Korea" Chungang University 2002

29 Choi, T. I., "The studies of acculturative stress of foreigners in Korea" Yonsei University 2001

30 Yoon, I. J., "The social adjustment of North Korean defector families : A strength perspective" 2005 : 21-26, 2005

31 Kim, I. S., "The relationships between social-environmental factors and psychological distress among Korean women in poverty" Seoul National University 1994

32 Choi, J. A., "The perceived social support of children and adjustment" Chonnam National University 1996

33 Baron, R. M., "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research : Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations" 51 (51): 1173-1182, 1986

34 Yoon, Y. S., "The issues of North Korean defectors and their adjustment" 415 : 52-59, 2006

35 Kotchick, B., "The impact of maternal HIV infection on parenting in inner-city African American families" 11 (11): 447-461, 1997

36 Cho, Y. S., "The effects of maternal parenting stress, maternal behavior, and maternal parenting efficacy on preschool children’s self-regulation" Sungkyunkwan University 2008

37 Kim, J. W., "The effect of perceived discrimination on coping strategy and acculturation type among Chinese students in Korea" Chungbuk National University 2005

38 Yong, H. J., "The effect of acculturation stress, family stress, and social support of married immigrant women on the mental health of their children" Catholic University 2009

39 Han, J. E., "The effect of acculturation and social support on the child rearing efficiency" Sungkyunkwan University 2007

40 Jin, H. J., "The effect of acculturation and acculturative stress on parenting self-efficacy of immigrant mothers for marriage" Catholic University of Daegu 2010

41 Park, M. S., "The difficulties North Korean refugee families face in adapting to South Korean society and coping strategies for dealing with those difficulties" 17 : 3-74, 1999

42 Shapiro, J. R., "The determinants of parenting competence in adolescent mothers" 23 (23): 621-641, 1994

43 Kim, Y. S., "The current statistics of North Korean refugees and their resocialization issues" 12 (12): 118-148, 2004

44 Kaplan, B. H., "Social support and health" 15 (15): 47-58, 1977

45 Lee, S. J., "Relations between the acculturative stress and belief system, social support of international student" Yonsei University 1995

46 Ahn, Y. J., "Qualitative study on family culture of North Korean defector" Catholic University 2002

47 Berry, J. W., "Psychology of acculturation: Understanding individuals moving between culture, In Applied cross-cultural psychology: Cross-cultural research and methodology series, vol. 14" Sage Publications 232-253, 1990

48 Ministry of Unification, "Policy Materials on North Korean Defectors" Ministry of Unification 2012

49 Yaman, A., "Perceived family stress, parenting efficacy, and child externalizing behaviors in second-generation immigrant mothers" 45 (45): 505-512, 2010

50 Izzo, C., "Parental self efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting practices and children’s socioemotional adjustment in Mexican immigrant families" 20 (20): 197-213, 2000

51 Jang, H. K., "North Korean defector families’ familial stability and social adjustment and the role of women" 240 (240): 1-252, 2000

52 Berry, J. W., "Multiple Regression in Practice: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences" Sage Publications 1985

53 Luster, T., "Multiple Influences on Parenting : An Ecological Perspective" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1993

54 Maslow, A. H., "Motivation and Personality(2nd ed.)" Harper and Low 1970

55 House, J. S., "Measures and concepts of social support, In Social support and health" Academic Press 83-108, 1985

56 Ali, M., "Loss of self-efficacy among immigrant parents" 9 (9): 148-160, 2008

57 Yi, S. H., "Ideological characteristics and child rearing practices of North Korea" 20 (20): 43-59, 1999

58 Lee, B. M., "Field studies on adaptation processes for North Korean refugee children at an educational institute(Hanawon)in South Korea" 23 (23): 115-145, 2003

59 Shin, S. J., "Effects of stress, social support and efficacy on mothers' parenting behaviors" Yonsei University 1997

60 Ardeit, M., "Effects of mother’s parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth" 22 (22): 944-972, 2001

61 Jin, A. K., "Effects of experience of domestic violence and acculturation pattern on acculturation stress in immigrant wives of international marriage" Daegu University 2010

62 Jang, K. Y., "Effect of social support and self-esteem of North Korea defectors on their social adjustment in South Korea" 15 (15): 165-195, 2009

63 Sandhu, S. D., "Development of an acculturative stress scale for international student : Preliminary findings" 75 (75): 435-448, 1994

64 Teti, D. M., "Behavioral competence among mothers of infants on the first year : The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy" 62 : 918-929, 1991

65 Giband-Wallston, J., "August), Development and utility of the parental sense of competence scale" 1978

66 Hong, J. E., "Analysis of North Korean defectors parent's changes and problems in child-rearing" Seoul Women's University 2003

67 Kim, E. S., "Acculturative stress, social support and social adjustment of marriage-based immigrant women" Chungbuk National University 2007

68 Berry, J. W., "Acculturation and mental health , In Health and cross-cultural psychology: Towards applications" Sage 207-236, 1987

69 Jang, Y. J., "A study on the social networks of the low-income married women in urban area" Seoul National University 2001

70 Lee, D. B., "A study on the social adjustment of North Korean defectors: Focusing on the comparison with Germany cases" Dankook University 2003

71 Ryu, S. Y., "A study on the influential factors of social adjustment of North Korea Defectors" Catholic University 2001

72 Lee, D. R., "A study on the influences of acculturative stress on social adjustment of North Korean defectors" Korea National Defense University 2008

73 Han, S. R., "A study on the influence of North Korean adolescent defectors’ acculturative stress and social support on social adjustment" Chong Shin University 2010

74 Lee, K. S., "A study on the North Korean defector’s adjustment" Korean Institute for National Unification 2003

75 Mok, H. Y., "A study on saeteomin adolescents’ psychological adjustment, acculurative stress and social support" Myong ji University 2007

76 Zhang, H. X., "A study on relationship between social support and cultural accommodation stress among the chinese students in seoul" Seoul University 2005

77 Noh, H. N., "A study on acculturative stress of the chinese women who got married to Korean men and settled down in Korea: Focusing on the acculturation patterns and social support perceived by women" Ewha Womans University 2007

78 Lee, S. R., "A study on acculturative stress among North Korean" 5 (5): 209-247, 1997

79 Nam, H. J., "A study on acculturation pattern, acculturation stress, and self-identity among children of mongolian migrant workers in Korea" Sookmyung Women's University 2007

80 Jeon, W. T., "A study on North Korean defector's adaptation to South Korea and psychological conflict" 2000

81 Kim, D. H., "A study of effect on parenting efficacy of immigrant woman for marriage : Focusing on the mediating effect of acculturation" Ewha Womans University 2008

82 Park, S. K., "A study of North Korean adolescent refugees’ school adjustment" Catholic University 1998

83 Kim, G. C., "A study for the influence of social support on intermarried immigrant women's acculturative stress who got married to Korean men" Sungkyul University 2010

84 Lee, K. Y., "A social integration of North and South Korea and the role of overseas Koreans" 12 (12): 5-14, 2000

85 Lee, B. M., "A qualitative research on North Korean refugee parents' adaptation process as parents in South Korea" 9 (9): 691-726, 2005

86 Johnston, C., "A measure of parenting satisfaction and efficacy" 18 (18): 167-175, 1989

87 Park, Y. S., "(A)study on the characteristics of social support and social adjustment of North Korean refugee adolescents in South Korea" Seoul Women's University 2006