노년기 취업이 우울에 미치는 종단적 영향의 성차 = The Gender Difference in the Longitudinal Effect of Employment on Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The goal of this study was to examine the association between employment and depressive symptoms among older adults in Korea, including analysis of potential gender differences. Using a sample of Korean adults aged 60 years or older from the 2008(Time 2) and 2010(Time 3) national longitudinal survey data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we regressed measures of depressive symptoms at Time 3 on employment at Time 2 (and employment both at Time 2 and Time 3), controlling for Time 2 depressive symptoms, subjective physical health, and sociodemographic variables as well. First, there was no evidence that older adults with a job at Time 2 had significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 compared to their counterparts. However, multi-group analyses showed that the effect of employment at Time 2 on depression at Time 3 differed by gender. For older men, employment predicted better mental health over time. However, this was not the case for older women. As such work role provided benefits only for older men. Second, older adults with a job at both Time 2 and Time 3 reported significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 than older adults who did not have a job either at Time 2 or Time 3. However, only older men who were employed at both Time 2 and Time 3 reported significantly less depression than their counterparts. These findings suggest that the mental health effects of employment are contingent on gender.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 고령화의 심화로 생산적 노화 및 성공적 노화에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있음에 주목하여 노년기 취업이 우울에 미치는 종단적 영향과 그 성별 차이에 대하여 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 한국고령화연구패널조사(Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing: KLoSA)의 2차년도(2008년)와 3차년도(2010년) 자료를 활용하여 2차년도에 만 60세 이상이었던 노인을 대상으로 시차효과모델(lagged effect model)을 적용하여 사회인구학적 변수와 더불어 2차년도의 우울 수준을 통제한 후 2차년도의 취업이 3차년도의 우울 수준에 미치는 영향력, 그리고 2차와 3차년도의 지속적 취업이 3차년도의 우울 수준에 미치는 영향력을 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 전체 노인을 대상으로 한 분석에서는 2차년도 취업이 3차년도 우울에 종단적으로 영향을 미친다는 증거가 발견되지 않았다. 그러나 다집단분석(multi-group analyses)를 통해 취업 효과의 성차를 분석한 결과, 노년기 취업이 우울에 미치는 종단적 영향은 노인의 성별에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 남성 노인의 경우에는 2차년도 취업이 3차년도 우울을 낮추는 효과가 있었지만, 여성 노인의 경우에는 이러한 취업의 긍정적 효과가 발견되지 않았다. 둘째, 지속적 취업의 경우 전체 노인을 대상으로 한 분석에서 2차와 3차에 걸친 지속적 취업은 3차년도 우울과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 대한 성차를 분석한 결과 2차와 3차의 지속적 취업은 남성 노인의 우울에만 바람직한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 여성 노인의 경우에는 지속적 취업과 우울 간의 유의미한 관계가 발견되지 않았다. 이는 임금노동에의 참여 기회 및 노동의 조건에 있어 노년기에도 지속되는 성별에 따른 사회적 불평등을 반영하는 결과라고 해석할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 노년기 취업이 노인 자신에게 미치는 영향은 노인이 처한 사회적 맥락에 따라 차이가 있을 수 있음을 보여주는 것으로, 성공적 노화의 구성 요소를 규명하고자 하는 연구에서 개인적 특성에 대한 고려와 더불어 노인 개인이 처한 사회적 맥락에 대한 고려가 함께 이루어져야 함을 시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김옥희, "일자리사업 참여노인의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구: 성별 및 한･일 간 비교" 한국사회복지정책학회 38 (38): 113-137, 2011

2 전혜정, "아동기 사회경제적 위기요인과 노년기 우울: 잠재계층분석을 활용하여" 한국노년학회 33 (33): 439-460, 2013

3 전혜정, "노인자살위험평가. 제2회 노인자살예방대책 토론회"

4 오미애, "노인빈곤율 완화를 위한 노인복지지출과 정책과제" 196 : 25-35, 2013

5 성혜영, "노년기 생산적 활동과 심리적 안녕" 대한가정학회 44 (44): 35-45, 2006

6 한국노동연구원, "고령화연구패널조사 2008년 제2차 기본조사 사용자안내서"

7 Lee, J, "Work, retirement, and depression" 2 : 57-71, 2009

8 Thoits, P.A, "Volunteerwork and well-being" 42 : 115-131, 2001

9 Li, Y, "Volunteeringinmiddle and later life: Is health a benefit, barrier or both" 85 : 498-519, 2006

10 Li, Y, "Volunteering and depression in later life: Social benefit or selection processes" 46 : 68-84, 2005

11 Strandh, M, "Unemployment, gender and mental health: The role of the gender regime" 35 (35): 649-665, 2012

12 Chodorow, N, "The reproduction of mothering" university of California Press 1978

13 Atchley, R. C, "The encyclopedia of aging: A comprehensive resource in gerontology andgeriatrics" Springer 9-12, 1995

14 Morrow-Howell, N, "The effects of volunteeringonthewell-being of older adults" 58B : S137-S145, 2003

15 Radloff, L, "The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population" 1 : 385-401, 1977

16 Rowe, J.W, "Successful Aging" Pantheon Books 1998

17 Hong, S, "Structural relationships between social activities and longitudinal trajectories of depression among older adults" 49 (49): 1-11, 2009

18 Chiao, C, "Social participation reduces depressive symptoms among older adults: An 18-year longitudinal analysis in Taiwan" 11 : 292-, 2011

19 Rozario, P. A, "Role enhancement or role strain: assessing the impact ofmultipleproductive roles onolder caregiver well-being" 26 : 413-428, 2004

20 Everard, K.M, "Relationship of activity and social support to the functional health of older adults" 55B (55B): S208-S212, 2000

21 Herzog,A. R, "Relation of work and retirement to health and well-being" 6 : 202-211, 1991

22 Robins, L.N, "Psychiatric disorders in America" Free Press 328-366, 1991

23 Sugihara, Y, "Productive roles, gender, and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Study of Late-Middle-Aged Japanese" 63B (63B): P227-P234, 2008

24 Jun, H, "Productive role activity andmental andphysical healthamongUS elderly" 14 (14): 49-61, 2007

25 Hinterlong, J, "Productive engagement and late life physical and mental health: Findings from a nationally representative panel study" 29 : 348-370, 2007

26 Bass, S. A, "Productive aging:Concepts and challenges" Johns Hopkins University Press 37-80, 2001

27 Taylor, B. A, "Productive aging: Concepts and challenges" Johns Hopkins University Press 120-144, 2001

28 Baker, L.A, "Productive activities andsubjectivewell-beingamong older adults" 73 : 431-458, 2005

29 Hao, Y, "Productive activities and psychological well-being among older adults" 63B (63B): S64-S72, 2008

30 Jung, Y, "Productive activities and development of frailty in older adults" 65B (65B): 256-261, 2010

31 Reynolds, C. F, "Preventing depression in old age:It’s time" 16 (16): 433-434, 2008

32 Kim, M. D, "Prevalence of depressionandcorrelates of depressive symptoms for residents in the urban part of Jeju Island, Korea" 53 : 123-134, 2007

33 Steffens, D. C, "Prevalence of depression among older Americans: the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study" 21 (21): 879-888, 2009

34 Choi, N. G, "Predicting the changes in depressive symptomatology in later life:How much do changes in health status, marital and caregiving status, work and volunteering, and health-related behaviors contribute" 19 : 152-177, 2007

35 Glass, T. A, "Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans" 319 (319): 478-, 1999

36 Li, Y, "Participation in productive activities and health outcomes among older adults in urban China" 2013

37 Choi,K. S, "Participation in productive activities and depression among older Europeans: Survey ofHealth,Ageing andRetirement in Europe (SHARE)" 28 : 1157-1165, 2013

38 진재현, "OECD국가와 비교한 한국의 인구집단별 자살률 동향과 정책제언" 195 : 141-154, 2013

39 Hsu, H, "Multiple trajectories of successful aging of older and younger cohorts" 52 (52): 843-856, 2012

40 OakleyBrowne,M.A, "Lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk of DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: TheNewZealandMental Health Survey" 40 (40): 865-874, 2006

41 Luoh, M, "Individual consequences of volunteer and paidwork in old age:Health and mortality" 43 : 490-509, 2002

42 Gilligan, C, "In a different voice" HarvardUniversity press 1982

43 Sachs-Ericsson, N, "Gender, social roles and mental health: An epidemiological perspective" 43 : 605-628, 2000

44 Jeon, G, "Gender Differences in Correlates of Mental Health Among Elderly Koreans" 62B (62B): S323-S329, 2007

45 Greenfield, E. A, "Formal volunteering as a protective factor for older adults' psychologicalwell-being" 59B (59B): S258-S264, 2004

46 Kessler, R. C, "Epidemiology of women and depression" 74 : 5-13, 2003

47 Jang, S. N, "Employment status and depressive symptoms in Koreans: Results from a baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging" 64B (64B): 677-683, 2009

48 Christ, S. L, "Employment and occupation effects on depressive symptoms inolderAmericans:Doesworkingpast age 65 protect against depression" 62 : S399-S403, 2007

49 Nam, K. A, "Employed women with depression in Korea" 18 : 139-145, 2011

50 Culbertson, F, "Depression and gender: An international review" 52 (52): 25-31, 1997

51 Niti, M, "Depression and chronic medical illnesses in Asian older adults: the role of subjective health and functional status" 22 (22): 1087-1094, 2007

52 Weissman, M. M, "Cross-national epidemiologyofmajordepression and bipolar disorder" 276 : 293-299, 1996

53 Donnelly, E. A, "Changes in social participation and volunteer activity among recently widowed older adults" 50 (50): 158-169, 2009

54 Kim, E, "Asurvey of depressive symptoms among South Korean adults after the Korean financial crisis of late 1997: Prevalence and correlates" 15 : 45-152, 2005

55 Smits, F, "An epidemiological approach to depression prevention in old age" 16 (16): 444-453, 2008

56 통계청, "2013 고령자 통계. 통계청 웹사이트 참조"

57 정경희, "2011년도 노인실태 조사" 보건복지부/한국보건사회연구원 2012