Alumina ceramics : biomedical and clinical applications

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• About the author = ix
• Author biography = xiii
• Preface = xv
• The beginning = xxi
• 1. Introduction to alumina ceramics = 1
• 1.1. Introduction to alumina ceramics = 1
• 1.2. Natural alumina = 13
• 1.3. A brief history of alumina = 17
• 1.4. The alumina ceramics manufacturing industry = 31
• 1.5. Companies for which alumina is a high-volume platform technology = 37
• 2. Bauxite : The principal aluminum ore = 39
• 2.1. Bauxite, alumina refining, and aluminum smelting : A mega-industry = 42
• 3. Refining of alumina : The Bayer process = 49
• 3.1. Overview of the Bayer process for refining bauxite into alumina = 49
• 3.2. A century of Bayer refining : Review of problems and lessons learned = 52
• 3.3. Autoclave digestion of bauxite = 53
• 3.4. Silica problems : Dissolution, removal, and scale = 55
• 3.5. Precipitation of the gibbsite = 61
• 3.6. The sodium oxalate problem (bauxite organic content) = 62
• 3.7. Red mud = 63
• 3.8. Alternatives to Bayer refining = 68
• 4. Processing, structure, and properties of alumina ceramics = 71
• 4.1. A brief history of alumina ceramics = 72
• 4.2. Alumina powder preparation = 77
• 4.3. Forming of alumina ceramics = 81
• 4.4. Sintering of alumina = 93
• 4.5. Structure and crystallography of alumina = 103
• 4.6. Overview of the properties of alumina ceramics = 104
• 5. Dental, tissue scaffold, and other specialized biomedical applications of alumina = 123
• 5.1. The early history of alumina in biomedical engineering = 124
• 5.2. Alumina in dental technology = 126
• 5.3. Alumina bone tissue scaffolds = 134
• 5.4. Other biomedical uses for alumina = 137
• 6. Alumina bearings in orthopedics: Origin and evolution = 139
• 6.1. Introduction to alumina in hip replacements = 139
• 6.2. Introduction to the anatomy of the hip and hip joint pathologies = 143
• 6.3. A brief history of the hip replacement = 146
• 6.4. Alumina bearings in hip replacements : The alumina hip = 161
• 6.5. Other ceramic orthopedic bearings = 168
• 7. Alumina bearings in orthopedics : Present and future = 179
• 7.1. Zirconia-toughened alumina = 179
• 7.2. Wear of orthopedic bearings = 188
• 7.3. Other alumina-relevant issues arising from hip replacement = 200
• 7.4. Commercialization of the alumina hip : The transition from research to commercialzation = 210
• 8. Alumina in bionic feedthroughs : The pacemaker = 225
• 8.1. Alumina: A key enabling technology for implantable bionic medical devices = 225
• 8.2. A brief history of early pacemaker technology = 228
• 8.3. The alumina／titanium hermetic feedthrough : Technology overview = 232
• 8.4. The concept of the alumina feedthrough = 240
• 8.5. The specifics of the alumina／titanium feedthrough innovation = 240
• 8.6. Feedthrough evolution post-1970 = 247
• Appendix 8.1 : Feedthrough Terminology = 252
• 9. Alumina in bionic feedthroughs : The bionic ear = 255
• 9.1. Bionic ear : A global race in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s = 255
• 9.2. A brief history of the bionic ear = 257
• 9.3. Development of the alumina feedthrough technology for the bionic ear = 261
• 10. Alumina in bionic feedthroughs : The bionic eye and the future = 283
• 10.1. Alumina in bionics today = 284
• 10.2. The bionic eye = 296
• 10.3. Quantum leap 3 in alumina feedthrough technology : Alumina retinal implant for the bionic eye = 304
• 10.4. The future for alumina in bionics = 315
• 11. Alumina in lightweight body armor = 321
• 11.1. Ballistic armor—The sociocultural context = 322
• 11.2. A brief history of body armor = 323
• 11.3. The origin of alumina ceramic composite body armor = 333
• 11.4. Ceramic armor design principles = 345
• 11.5. The state of the art in alumina and other ceramic body armor systems = 351
• 11.6. A brief summary of vehicle armor = 362
• 11.7. Notable armor ceramic companies = 366
• 12. Alumina as a wear-resistant industrial ceramic = 369
• 12.1. Tribology = 371
• 12.2. Wear-resistant alumina in industry = 389
• 12.3. Concluding remarks = 411
• 13. Alumina as an electrical insulator = 413
• 13.1. The electrical properties of alumina = 415
• 13.2. Electrical insulator applications of alumina : Alumina macro-insulators = 426
• 13.3. Electrical insulator applications of alumina : Alumina substrates in microelectronic technology = 431
• 13.4. Alumina substrate technology = 436
• 13.5. Microwave-industry electrical applications of alumina = 441
• 13.6. Alumina as an electrical insulating ceramic. Concluding remarks = 444
• 14. Alumina-metal bonding for electrical feedthroughs = 447
• 14.1. Evolution of the hermetic feedthrough concept = 449
• 14.2. Evolution of the alumina feedthrough = 454
• 14.3. Alumina-metal bonded feedthroughs : General discussion = 462
• 14.4. Multilayer micro-feedthroughs : Cofired alumina-substrate systems = 468
• 14.5. Concluding remarks = 469
• 15. Refractory and other specialist industrial applications of alumina = 473
• 15.1. The refractories industry : A brief overview = 474
• 15.2. The contemporary refractories industry = 478
• 15.3. Contemporary refractory uses of alumina ceramics = 481
• 15.4. High-purity alumina ceramics for heat containment : Labware and industrial uses = 484
• 15.5. Alumina machining tools = 486
• 15.6. Architectural applications for alumina = 490
• 15.7. Aerospace applications for alumina = 493
• 15.8. Oxygen sensors = 495
• 15.9. Specialist industrial applications of alumina not discussed elsewhere = 498
• 16. Alumina : The future = 501
• 16.1. Economic impact of alumina—2020 = 503
• 16.2. Social impact of alumina—2020 = 504
• 16.3. Alumina in the future = 505
• 16.4. Conclusions : Alumina in the year 2050 = 507
• 16.5. Closing comments = 508
• References = 509
• Index = 541