Lacewings in the crop environment

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of contributors = xiii
• Preface = xvii
• PART 1 Lacewing systematics and ecology = 1
• CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Neuroptera : what are they and how do they operate? / T. R. NEW = 3
• 1.1 Introduction = 3
• 1.2 Definition = 3
• 1.3 Classification = 3
• 1.4 Biology = 4
• CHAPTER 2 Introduction to the systematics and distribution of Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, and Chrysopidae used in pest management / T. R. NEW = 6
• 2.1 Introduction = 6
• 2.2 Coniopterygidae Burmeister = 7
• 2.3 Hemerobiidae Latreille = 12
• 2.4 Chrysopidae Schneider = 16
• CHAPTER 3 The common green lacewing(Chrysoperla carnea s. lat.) and the sibling species problem / C. S. HENRY ; S. J. BROOKS ; D. THIERRY ; P. DUELLI ; J. B. JOHNSON = 29
• 3.1 Introduction = 29
• 3.2 Morphological criteria = 29
• 3.3 Ecophysiological criteria = 34
• 3.4 Mating signals = 35
• 3.5 Molecular systematics = 37
• 3.6 Conclusion and prognosis = 38
• CHAPTER 4 Recognition of larval Neuroptera = 43
• 4.1 Coniopterygidae / V. J. MONSERRAT = 43
• 4.2 Preimaginal stages of the family Hemerobiidae / J. D. OSWALD ; C. A. TAUBER = 50
• 4.3 Recognition of early stages of Chrysopidae / L. M. D$$I'$$AZ-ARANDA ; V. J. MONSERRAT ; C. A. TAUBER = 60
• CHAPTER 5 Ecology and habitat relationships / F. SZENTKIR$$A'$$LYI = 82
• 5.1 Introduction = 82
• 5.2 Temporal patterns of lacewings = 82
• 5.3 Spatial patterns of lacewings = 85
• 5.4 Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild organisation = 94
• 5.5 Chemical ecology of lacewings = 100
• CHAPTER 6 Natural food and feeding habits of lacewings / M. CANARD = 116
• 6.1 Introduction = 116
• 6.2 Feeding by green lacewing larvae = 116
• 6.3 Feeding by adult green lacewings = 119
• 6.4 Feeding by brown lacewings and dustywings = 121
• 6.5 Influence of food on reproductive potential, tritrophic relations = 123
• 6.6 Lacewings in the aphidophagous guild = 123
• CHAPTER 7 Outlines of lacewing development / M. CANARD ; T. A. VOLKOVICH = 130
• 7.1 Pattern of individual development = 130
• 7.2 Embryonic development = 130
• 7.3 Hatching = 130
• 7.4 Larval growth = 130
• 7.5 Cocoon spinning and development inside the cocoon = 133
• 7.6 Adult emergence = 134
• 7.7 Pre-pairing time, sexual behaviour, and preoviposition time = 134
• 7.8 Oviposition = 135
• 7.9 Sedentarism and dispersal = 135
• 7.10 Adult longevity = 135
• 7.11 Protective devices = 137
• 7.12 Tritrophic relations = 137
• 7.13 Voltinism and seasonal adaptations = 138
• 7.14 Diapause and its hormonal control = 138
• 7.15 Sensitive and responsive stages = 139
• 7.16 Physiological and biochemical aspects of diapause = 140
• 7.17 External factors governing the induction of diapause = 140
• 7.18 Diapause intensity = 143
• 7.19 Diapause development and diapause completion = 143
• 7.20 Environmental control of summer diapause = 145
• 7.21 Temperature requirements for lacewing development = 145
• PART 2 Lacewings in crops = 155
• Introduction to Part 2 / THE EDITORS = 157
• CHAPTER 8 Lacewings in field crops / P. DUELLI = 158
• 8.1 Introduction = 158
• 8.2 The main lacewing genera present on field crops = 158
• 8.3 Dominant lacewing species in field crops in different continents = 159
• 8.4 Migration flights and nomadism in field crops = 163
• 8.5 Migration flights to and from overwintering sites = 163
• 8.6 Preovipository migration flights = 164
• 8.7 Nomadism = 164
• CHAPTER 9 Lacewings in fruit and nut crops / F. SZENTKIR$$A'$$LYI = 172
• 9.1 Apple = 172
• 9.2 Pear = 184
• 9.3 Plum = 190
• 9.4 Peach = 190
• 9.5 Cherry = 194
• 9.6 Grape = 194
• 9.7 Olive = 200
• 9.8 Citrus = 208
• 9.9 Tropical and subtropical fruits = 216
• 9.10 Small fruits and melons = 219
• 9.11 Nuts = 220
• CHAPTER 10 Lacewings in vegetables, forests, and other crops / F. SZENTKIR$$A'$$LYI = 239
• 10.1 Vegetables = 239
• 10.2 Beverage and sugar crop plants = 240
• 10.3 Ornamental plants = 242
• 10.4 Broad-leaved forests = 245
• 10.5 Conifers = 270
• PART 3 Principles = 293
• Introduction to Part 3 / THE EDITORS = 295
• CHAPTER 11 The use of lacewings in biological control / L. J. SENIOR ; P. K. MCEWEN = 296
• 11.1 Historical development = 296
• 11.2 Lacewing species used in biological control = 296
• 11.3 The effectiveness of lacewings as biological control agents = 297
• 11.4 General schemes of use = 297
• 11.5 Failure of biological control using lacewings = 298
• 11.6 Conclusion = 299
• CHAPTER 12 Mass-rearing, release techniques, and augmentation / D. A. NORDLUND ; A. C. COHEN ; R. A. SMITH = 303
• 12.1 Introduction = 303
• 12.2 Mass-rearing = 303
• 12.3 Larval rearing = 303
• 12.4 Adult holding and egg harvesting = 304
• 12.5 Artificial diet for lacewing larvae = 306
• 12.6 Adult diet = 311
• 12.7 Release techniques = 312
• 12.8 Augmentation = 314
• 12.9 Environmental manipulation to increase the effectiveness or number of the effectiveness or number of = 316
• 12.10 Conclusion = 316
• CHAPTER 13 Features of the nutrition of Chrysopidae larvae and larval artificial diets / I. G. YAZLOVETSKY = 320
• 13.1 Introduction = 320
• 13.2 Nutrition mechanisms of Chrysoperla carnea larvae = 322
• 13.3 Current state of artificial nutritional diets for Chrysopidae larvae = 325
• 13.4 Conclusion = 332
• CHAPTER 14 Ecological studies of released lacewings in crops / K. M. DAANE = 338
• 14.1 Introduction = 338
• 14.2 Habitat influence on release effectiveness = 338
• 14.3 Natural-enemy interactions = 340
• 14.4 Lacewings and pesticide use in the release environment = 342
• 14.5 Predator-prey relationships at the release site = 343
• 14.6 Conclusions = 345
• CHAPTER 15 Sampling and studying lacewings in crops / T. R. NEW ; A. E. WHITTINGTON = 351
• 15.1 Introduction = 351
• 15.2 Field appraisal = 351
• 15.3 Eggs = 352
• 15.4 Larvae = 352
• l5.5 Pupae = 353
• 15.6 Adults = 353
• 15.7 Laboratory appraisal = 353
• CHAPTER 16 Interactions with plant management strategies = 357
• 16.1 Effects of pesticides / H. VOGT ; E. VI$$\tilde N$$UELA = 357
• 16.2 Determination of acetlycholinesterase activity as a helpful tool for assessing pesticide side-effects in lacewings / A. BOZSIK = 366
• 16.3 Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis via ingestion of transgenic corn-fed prey and purified proteins / A. HILBECK ; F. BIGLER = 369
• CHAPTER 17 Lacewings, biological control, and conservation / T. R. NEW = 380
• 17.1 Introduction = 380
• 17.2 Topics of concern = 380
• 17.3 Lacewings and risks = 381
• 17.4 Discussion = 381
• PART 4 Case studies = 385
• Introduction to Part 4 / THE EDITORS = 387
• CHAPTER 18 Micromus tasmaniae : a key predator on aphids on field crops on Australasia? / P. A. HORNE ; P. M. RIDLAND ; T. R. NEW = 388
• 18.1 Introduction = 388
• 18.2 Biology = 388
• 18.3 Surveys of field crops = 389
• 18.4 Discussion = 392
• CHAPTER 19 Preliminary notes on Mallada signatus(Chrysopidae) as a predator in field crops in Australia / P. A. HORNE ; T. R. NEW ; D. PAPACEK = 395
• 19.1 Introduction = 395
• 19.2 Role in biological control = 395
• 19.3 Production of stocks = 396
• CHAPTER 20 An evaluation of lacewing releases in North America / K. M. DAANE ; THE LATE K. S. HAGEN = 398
• 20.1 Introduction = 398
• 20.2 Early use of lacewings in North America = 398
• 20.3 Case studies in North America = 400
• 20.4 Conclusions = 403
• CHAPTER 21 Chrysoperla externa and Ceraeochrysa spp : potential for biological control in the New World tropics and subtropics / G. S. ALBUQUERQUE ; C. A. TAUBER ; M. J. TAUBER = 408
• 21.1 Ceraeochrysa and Chrysoperla : genera of primary importance to biological control = 408
• 21.2 Systematics = 408
• 21.3 Field data : prey and crop associations, seasonal cycles = 409
• 21.4 Mass-production = 412
• 21.5 Use of lacewings in pest management = 414
• 21.6 Evaluation = 418
• CHAPTER 22 Comparative plant substrate specificity of Iberian Hemerobiidae, Coniopterygidae, and Chrysopidae / V. J. MONSERRAT ; F. MARIN = 424
• 22.1 Introduction = 424
• 22.2 Materials and methods = 425
• 22.3 Results and discussion = 425
• 22.4 Habitat amplitude = 425
• 22.5 Relationships between hemerobiid, coniopterygid, and chrysopid species and the plant substrates = 431
• CHAPTER 23 Lacewings in Sardinian olive groves / R. A. PANTALEONI ; A. LENTINI ; G. DELRIO = 435
• 23.1 Introduction = 435
• 23.2 Materials and methods = 435
• 23.3 Results = 436
• 23.4 Discussion = 439
• CHAPTER 24 Lacewing occurrence in the agricultural landscape of Pianura Padana / R. A. PANTALEONI = 447
• 24.1 Introduction = 447
• 24.2 The landscape = 447
• 24.3 Lacewing occurrence in landscape units = 451
• 24.4 Conclusions = 467
• CHAPTER 25 Lacewings and snake-flies in Piedmont vineyards(northwestern Italy) / R. A. PANTALEONI ; A. ALMA = 471
• 25.1 Introduction = 471
• 25.2 Materials and methods = 471
• 25.3 Results = 472
• 25.4 Discussion = 476
• CHAPTER 26 Control of aphids by Chrysoperla carnea on strawberry in Italy / M. G. TOMMASINI ; M. MOSTI = 481
• 26.1 The strawberry crop in Italy = 481
• 26.2 Main incentive for biological control against aphids on strawberry in Italy = 481
• 26.3 Chrysoperla carnea : development of the release technique = 482
• 26.4 Chrysoperla carnea : release technique = 484
• 26.5 Marketing of Chrysoperla carnea = 484
• 26.6 Perspectives = 485
• CHAPTER 27 Artificial overwintering chambers for Chrysoperla carnea and their application in pest control / P. K. MCEWEN AND C. SENGONCA = 487
• 27.1 Introduction = 487
• 27.2 Acceptance of the chambers = 487
• 27.3 Effect of lacewings on pest populations = 489
• 27.4 Conclusion = 490
• CHAPTER 28 Lacewings in Andalusian olive orchards / M. CAMPOS = 492
• 28.1 Introduction = 492
• 28.2 Chrysopids within the olive orchard = 492
• 28.3 Bioecology of Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens) = 493
• 28.4 Conservation and augmentation of Chrysoperla carnea populations = 493
• 28.5 Relationship between Prays oleae and Chrysoperla carnae = 494
• CHAPTER 29 The green lacewings of Romania, their ecological patterns and occurrence in some agricultural crops / M. PAULIAN = 498
• 29.1 Introduction = 498
• 29.2 Chrysopidae of Romania = 498
• 29.3 The common green lacewing complex in Romania = 498
• 29.4 Ecological patterns of chrysopids in Romania = 501
• 29.5 Occurrence and behaviour of green lacewings in agricultural crops = 508
• CHAPTER 30 Biological control with Chrysoperla lucasina against Aphis fabae on artichoke in Brittany(France) / J. C. MAISONNEUVE = 513
• 30.1 Introduction = 513
• 30.2 Materials and methods = 513
• 30.3 Results = 514
• 30.4 Discussion and conclusions = 514
• PART 5 Conclusion = 519
• CHAPTER 31 Lacewings in crops : towards the future / THE EDITORS = 521
• Taxonomic index = 523
• General index = 530