Capillary electrophoresis : theory & practice

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Contributors = xiii
• Preface = xv
• PART Ⅰ BACKGROUND CONCEPTS
• 1 Factors Affecting the Performance of Capillary Electrophoresis Separations : Joule Heating, Electroosmosis, and Zone Dispersion / Paul D. Grossman
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 3
• Ⅱ. Joule Heating Effects = 4
• A. Natural Convection = 4
• B. Intracapillary Temperature Profile = 5
• C. Overall Temperature Rise = 8
• D. Application of Temperature Relationships = 9
• Ⅲ. Electroosmosis = 14
• A. The Electrical Double Layer = 15
• B. Electroosmotic Velocity Profile = 19
• C. Control of Electroosmosis = 22
• Ⅳ. Zone Dispersion and Resolution = 24
• A. Diffusion, Dispersion, and Theoretical Plates = 25
• B. Additional Factors Contributing to Zone Dispersion = 28
• C, Quantitative Comparison of Capillary and Traditional Electrophoresis Formats = 39
• Appendix : List of Symbols = 41
• References = 43
• 2 Detection Methods in Capillary Electrophoresis / Teresa M. Olefirowicz ; Andrew G. Ewing
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 45
• Ⅱ. Detector Types Used in Capillary Electophoresis = 46
• A. Ultraviolet-Absorbance Detectors = 46
• B. Fluorescence Detectors = 53
• C. Mass Spectrometry Detectors = 66
• D. Amperometric Detectors = 71
• E. Conductivity Detectors = 77
• F. Radiometric Detectors = 79
• G. Raman-Based Detectors = 81
• H. Refractive-Index Detectors = 82
• References = 84
• 3 Quantitative Aspects of Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis / Stephen E. Moring
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 87
• Ⅱ. System Description and Analytical Method = 87
• Ⅲ. Qualitative Analysis in CE = 89
• A. Qualitative Analysis in Capillary Electrophoresis = 89
• B. Capillary-Wall Chemistry = 91
• C. Data Reporting = 92
• Ⅳ. Quantitative Analysis = 93
• A. Sampling Techniques = 93
• B. Precision and Accuracy = 96
• D. Quantitative Methods = 96
• Ⅴ. Integration and Data-Reporting Devices = 100
• A. Fundamentals = 100
• B. Optimization of Integration = 103
• Ⅵ. Detector Response Characteristics of Common Capillary Electrophoresis Detectors = 106
• References = 108
• PART Ⅱ MODES OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
• 4 Free-Solution Capillary Electrophoresis / Paul D. Grossman
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 111
• Ⅱ. Electrophoretic Mobility = 112
• A. Definition of Electrophoretic Mobility = 112
• B. Relationship between Mobility and Molecular Size = 113
• C. Effect of Buffer Ions on the Effective Charge and Mobility = 114
• D. Measurement of Mobility = 118
• Ⅲ. Resolution-Effect of Dispersion on Separation Performance = 120
• Ⅳ. Selectivity = 121
• A. Effect of Buffer pH = 121
• B. Effect of Size and Charge = 123
• C. Effect of Hydrophobicity = 128
• D. Effect of Molecular Orientation = 129
• References = 132
• 5 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis / Robert S. Dubrow
• Ⅰ. The Role of Capillary Gel Electrophoresis in Separation Science = 133
• Ⅱ. Theoretical and Practical Considerations in Capillary Gel Electrophoresis = 134
• A. Application of Hydrogels to Electrophoresis = 134
• B. Parameters Affecting Capillary Gel Electrophoresis = 134
• C. Sample Injection = 136
• D. Reproducibility = 140
• E. Column Breakdown = 140
• Ⅲ. Current Capillary Gel Fabrication Methods = 141
• A. Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide-Filled Capillaries = 141
• B. Uncross-Linked Polyacrylamide-Filled Capillaries = 141
• C. New Approaches to Capillary Gels = 144
• Ⅳ. Separations Using Gel-Filled Capillaries = 144
• A. Proteins and Peptides = 144
• B. Oligonucleotide Analysis = 146
• C. DNA Sequencing = 151
• D. Double-Stranded DNA = 154
• E. Chiral Molecules = 154
• Ⅴ. Future Directions = 155
• Appendix 1 : Karger and Cohen Gel-Fabrication Technique = 156
• Appendix 2 : Protein Denaturation Procedure = 156
• References = 156
• 6 Fundamentals of Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography / Michael J. Sepaniak ; A. Craig Powell ; David F. Swaile ; Roderic O. Cole
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 159
• Ⅱ. Theory = 164
• A. Capacity Factor, Selectivity = 164
• B. Efficiency = 169
• Ⅲ. Experimental = 176
• A. Capillary Conditioning and Modification = 176
• B. Mobile-Phase Components and Considerations = 176
• C. Injection = 182
• D. Detection = 183
• E. Analytical Figures of Merit = 185
• Ⅳ. Applications = 186
• Ⅴ. Conclusion = 187
• References = 187
• 7 Isoelectric Focusing in Capillaries / Stellan Hjert$$\acute e$$n
• Ⅰ. Introduction : A Comparison between Isoelectric Focusing and Other Electrophoresis Methods = 191
• Ⅱ. Different Ways to Suppress Convection in Carrier-Free Electrophoresis, Including Isoelectric Focusing = 192
• Ⅲ. The Creation of a pH Gradient from a Mixture of Carrier Ampholytes with Different pI Values = 195
• Ⅳ. The Principle of Isoelectric Focusing = 195
• Ⅴ. Terminology = 196
• Ⅵ. Elimination of Electroendosmosis and Adsorption = 197
• A. Theoretical Considerations = 197
• B. Coating Procedure = 199
• Ⅶ. Determination of the pI of a Protein = 200
• Ⅷ. Suppression of Precipitation of Proteins = 200
• Ⅸ. Cathodic and Anodic Drift = 202
• Ⅹ. Mobilization of the Focused Protein Zones = 203
• XI. The Practical Performance of a Run = 204
• XII. Analysis and Comparison of Different Carrier Ampholytes = 207
• XIII. Apparatus for Focusing in a Chamber of Rectangular Cross-Section, Permitting Scanning for the Focused Proteins at Different Times and at Different Wavelengths = 209
• XIV. Resolution and Optimal Field Strenght = 210
• XV. Applications = 210
• A. Isoelectric Focusing of Carbamylated Carbonic Anhydrase in an Fused-Silica Tubing = 210
• B. Isoelectric Focusing of Transforrin in a Glass Capillary = 210
• C. Isoelectric Focusing of a Mixture of Chymotrypsinogen A and Myoglobin in a Rectangular Focusing Chamber = 212
• D. Zone Electrophoresis in a pH Gradient = 213
• 8 Capillary Electrophoresis in Entangled Polymer Solutions / Paul D. Grossman
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 215
• Ⅱ. Entangled Polymer Solutions = 216
• A. Overlap Threshold = 216
• B. Mesh Size = 218
• C. Experimental Investigation of the Entanglement Threshold and Mesh Size of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Solutions = 219
• Ⅲ. Mechanisms of Electrophoretic Migration in a Polymer Network = 222
• A. The Ogston Model = 223
• B. Reptation = 224
• C. Experimental Study of the Migration Mechanism of DNA in Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Solutions = 229
• Ⅳ. Conclusion = 233
• References = 233
• PART Ⅲ APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
• 9 Capillary Electrophoresis Separations of Peptides : Practical Aspects and Applications / Joel C. Colburn
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 237
• Ⅱ. Modes of Capillary Electrophoresis Separations = 238
• A. Charge and Size Effects in Free Solution = 238
• B. Peptide Separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography = 247
• C. SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis = 250
• Ⅲ. Characteristics and Applications = 251
• A, Resolution and Comparison with HPLC = 251
• B. Effects on Separations = 253
• C. Determination of Disulfide Bonds = 254
• D. Clinical Applications = 255
• Ⅳ. Protein Digests = 256
• A. Peptide Mapping = 256
• B. Screening HPLC Fractions = 262
• Ⅴ. Wall Interactions = 262
• Ⅵ. Models of Peptide Mobility = 264
• Ⅶ. Detection Methods for Capillary Electrophoresis of Peptides = 266
• A. Direct and Indirect Fluorescence = 266
• B. Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry = 267
• C. Stacking = 268
• D. Other Detection Methods = 269
• References = 269
• 10. Protein Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis / John E, Wiktorowicz ; Joel C. Colburn
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 273
• A. Charge, Size, and Shape = 274
• B. Problems Encountered in CE : Detection, Control of Electroendosmosis, and Wall Interactions = 275
• Ⅱ. Protein Analysis = 285
• A. Molecular-Weight Determination = 285
• B. Isoelectric Focusing = 285
• C. Purity Determination and Methods Development = 287
• D. Peptide Mapping = 288
• E. Native Structural Analysis = 289
• Ⅲ. Applications = 292
• A. Human Growth Hormone = 292
• B. Antibody Complexes = 293
• C. Erythropoietin = 294
• D. Membrane Proteins = 296
• E. Fraction Collection = 296
• F. Physical Parameters = 297
• Ⅳ. Future Directions = 297
• References = 299
• 11. Separation of Small Molecules by High-Performance Capillary Electrophoresis / Charles W. Demarest ; Elizabeth A. Monnot-Chase ; James Jiu ; Robert Weinberger
• Ⅰ. Introduction = 301
• Ⅱ. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis = 307
• A. Buffers = 309
• B. Buffer Additives = 311
• Ⅲ. Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography = 313
• A. Micelles = 314
• B. Surfactants = 315
• C. Methods Development = 318
• D. Cyclodextrins = 319
• Ⅳ. Isotachophoresis = 320
• Ⅴ. Chemically Modified Capillaries = 312
• Ⅵ. Method Validation = 326
• Ⅶ. Applications = 330
• A. Pharmaceuticals = 330
• B. Amino Acids = 332
• C. Clinical Analyses = 332
• D. Chiral Recognition = 333
• Ⅷ. Conclusion = 337
• References = 338
• APPENDIX : Trobleshooting Guide to Capillary Electrophoresis Operations / Joel C. Colburn ; Paul D. Grossman = 343
• Index = 347