Preparing Korean missionaries for cross-cultural effectiveness = 효과적인 타문화권 선교를 위한 한국 선교사 훈련

국문 초록 (Abstract)

한국 개신교회의 선교운동의 성장은 지난 20년간 한국교회의 성장과 함께 괄목할만한 성장을 보여왔다. 오늘날 한국교회는 145개 국가에 8,000명 이상의 선교사를 파송했다. 한국 선교사들의 숫자가 증가함에 따라, 선교사들은 타문화권 선교사역에 있어서 더욱 현저한 어려움에 직면하게 되었다.
본 연구는 오늘날 한국 선교사들이 직면하는 심각한 문제점들에 대한 인식으로부터 출발한다. 이 연구의 목적은 한국 선교사들의 타문화권 선교사 훈련과 그들의 타문화권 적응과의 관계를 분석하는 것이다. 이 연구의 가정(hypothesis)은 부적절한 선교사 훈련은 효과적인 타문화권 사역을 방해하는 선교사의 빈약한 문화적응과 연관되어 있다는 것이다. 더욱이, 이 연구는 부적절한 선교사 훈련을 받은 선교사들과 타문화에 효과적으로 적응하지 못하는 선교사들은 높은 비율의 선교사 중도탈락의 범위 안에 들 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 이 가정을 시험하기 위한 데이터는 한국 선교사들을 위한 설문지(QFKM)와 타문화권 적응력 테스트 검사(CCAI), 그리고 8개의 국내 선교사 훈련원 원장들과의 인터뷰, 필리핀, 인도네시아, 태국, 방글라데시에서 사역하는 24명의 한국 선교사들, 12명의 현지 사역자들과의 인터뷰를 통하여 수집되었다.
본 리서치에서, 타문화권 선교사 훈련과 적응의 이론적인 근거는 성서적인 관점(biblical insights)과 인류학적인 이해(anthropological understanding)를 통하여 발전되었다. 성서적 관점에서, 타문화권 선교사 훈련은 성육신적 사역(incarnational witness)을 위한 타문화권 적응을 목적으로 한다. 인류학적 관점에서, 한국인의 가치관과 세계관에 대한 이해는 단일문화(monocultural)와 단일언어적인(monolingual) 한국 선교사들에게 있어서 효과적인 타문화권 사역을 위한 타문화 적응에 큰 도움이 된다.
본 리서치의 결과는 타문화권 선교사 훈련과 한국 선교사들의 타문화 적응은 밀접한 연관성을 갖고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 더욱 효과적인 선교사 훈련원에서 훈련을 받은 선교사들은 덜 효과적인 선교사 훈련원에서 훈련받은 선교사들보다 현지 문화에 더욱 효과적으로 적응하였다. 타문화에 더욱 잘 적응한 선교사들은 결과적으로 더욱 효과적인 선교사역을 하였다. 본 리서치는 한국 선교사들의 빈약한 타문화 적응은 높은 비율의 선교사 중도탈락(missionary attrition)으로 이어지고 있음을 발견했다. 또한 본 연구는 한국 선교사들의 타문화 적응에 대한 한국문화의 가치들의 긍정적인 면과 대부분 부정적인 영향을 설명한다.
본 연구를 통하여 발견한 결과들을 바탕으로, 특별한 타문화 적응 기술들(cross-cultural adjustment skills)에 대한 강조와 함께 통전적인(holistic) 타문화권 선교사 훈련의 모델이 제시된다. 이 통전적 선교사 훈련 모델은 타문화에 대한 지식(Cross-cultural Knowledge), 문화 인식(cultural awareness), 인간관계에 관한 기술들(interpersonal relationship skills)과 같은 타문화 적응 기술들은 발전시키기 위하여 형식(formal), 비형식(informal), 비공식(non-formal)이라는 세 가지 훈련방법들간의 균형에 초점을 둔다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• List of Tables = ⅹⅰ
• List of Figures = ⅹⅳ
• Chapter 1 Overview of the Study = 1
• 1.1 Introduction = 1
• 1.2 Background to the Problem = 7
• 1.3 Statement of the Problem = 19
• 1.4 Missological Assumption = 20
• 1.5 Data Needed = 21
• 1.6 Data Collection and Research Methodology = 23
• 1.6.1 Library Research = 23
• 1.6.2 Questionnaires and Inventory = 25
• 1.6.3 On-Site Interviews and Observation = 25
• 1.7 Theoretical Framework for Interpretation of the Data = 27
• 1.7.1 Theological Understanding of Cross-Cultural Missionary Training = 28
• 1.7.1.1 Incarnational Model of Cross-Cultural Ministry = 28
• 1.7.1.2 Conversion Model of Cross-Cultural Witness = 30
• 1.7.2 Cultural Understanding of Cross-Cultural Missionary Training = 33
• 1.7.2.1 Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Values = 33
• 1.7.2.2 Nida's Model of Missionary Identification = 37
• 1.7.2.3 Grove and Torbiorn's Model of Intercultural Adjustment and Training = 40
• 1.7.3 Educational Models for Developing a Cross-Cultural Missionary Training Problem = 45
• 1.7.3.1 Three Umbrella Classifications of Training Models : Formal, Informal, and Non-Formal Training = 45
• 1.7.3.2 Sikkema and Niyekawa's Model for Cross-Cultural Training = 49
• 1.7.4 How the Data Was Organized and Interpreted = 51
• 1.7.4.1 Investigation and Evaluation of Missionary Training Centers in Korea = 51
• 1.7.4.2 Investigation and Evaluation of Korean Missionaries' Cross-Cultural Adjustment = 54
• 1.7.4.3 Finding the Relation Between Cross-Cultural Missionary Training and Korean Missionaries' Cross-Cultural Adjusment = 55
• 1.7.5 Importance of the Study = 60
• 1.7.6 Definition of Terms = 61
• 1.7.7 Delimitation = 69
• 1.7.8 Notes = 71
• Chapter 2 Cross-Cultural Challenge : A Review of the Literature = 76
• 2.1 Missionary Training : Biblical Roots and Missiological Foundations = 77
• 2.2 Anthropological Foundation of Cross-Cultural Missionary Training = 86
• 2.3 Cross-Cultural Adjustment and Its Relation to Cross-Cultural Missionary Training = 92
• 2.4 Notes = 110
• Chapter 3 Cross-Cultural Missionary Training : Biblical Roots and Missological Foundations = 112
• 3.1 Conversion Narratives in Acts = 114
• 3.1.1 Paul's Conversion and Calling = 115
• 3.1.2 Conversion of Cornelius = 126
• 3.1.3 The Jerusalem Council = 132
• 3.2 Summary = 141
• 3.3 Notes = 145
• Chapter 4 Understanding the Korean Worldview and Its Influence on Korean Mission Work = 146
• 4.1 Formation of Korean Culture = 150
• 4.1.1 Formation of Shammanistic Culture = 151
• 4.1.2 Formation of Buddhist Culture = 154
• 4.1.3 Formation of Confucian Culture = 156
• 4.2 Understanding the Korean Worldview = 159
• 4.2.1 Power Distance : Authoritarian Character of the Koreans = 159
• 4.2.2 Collectivism : We-ness (Uri Consciousness) of the Koreans = 168
• 4.2.3 Korean Culture : Its Masculine and Feminine Tendency = 184
• 4.2.4 Intolerance of Difference : Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Tendency of the Koreans = 188
• 4.2.5 Short-Term and Long-Term Orientation = 195
• 4.3 Influences of Korean Values on Korean Mission Work = 197
• 4.3.1 Influences of Korean Missionaries' Authoritarian Values and Attitudes = 197
• 4.3.2 Collectivistic Tendencies in Korean Mission Work = 205
• 4.3.3 Tendencies of Intolerance and Formalism in Korean Mission Work = 210
• 4.4 Summary = 241
• 4.5 Notes = 216
• Chapter 5 Evaluation of Korean Missionary Training Programs Affecting Korean Missionaries' Cross-Cultural Adjustment = 219
• 5.1 General Information about Eight Missionary Training Centers = 220
• 5.1.1 Center for World Mission(CFWM) = 221
• 5.1.2 International Missionary Training Institute(IMTI) = 221
• 5.1.3 Kosin Missionary Training Institute(KMTI) = 223
• 5.1.4 KEHC Missionary Training Center(KMTC) = 223
• 5.1.5 Global Missionary Training Institute(GMTI) = 224
• 5.1.6 Global Missionary Training Center(GMTC) = 224
• 5.1.7 Missionary Training Institute(MTI) = 225
• 5.1.8 OM Korea Missionary Training Center(OMMTC) = 225
• 5.2 Training Factors Influencing Cross-Cultural Adjustment = 226
• 5.2.1 Length and Type of Training = 227
• 5.2.2 Missionary Trainer = 234
• 5.2.3 Place of Missionary Training = 243
• 5.3 Analysis of the Curriculum of Eight Missionary Training Centers Influencing Cross-Cultural Adjustment : Their Weaknesses and Strengths = 248
• 5.3.1 Analysis of CFWM Training Curriculum (Presbyterian Church of Korea, Tonghap) = 248
• 5.3.1.1 Weaknesses of CFWM = 250
• 5.3.1.2 Strengths of CFWM = 252
• 5.3.2 Analysis of IMTI Training Curriculum (Korean Methodist Church) = 253
• 5.3.2.1 Weaknesses of KMC = 255
• 5.3.3 Analysis of KMTI Training Curriculum (Presbyterian Church of Korea, Kosin) = 256
• 5.3.3.1 Weaknesses of KMTI = 258
• 5.3.3.2 Strengths of KMTI = 259
• 5.3.4 Analysis of KMTC Training Currirulum (Korea Evangelical Holiness Church) = 260
• 5.3.4.1 Weaknesses of KMTC = 262
• 5.3.4.2 Strength of KMTC = 262
• 5.3.5 Analysis of GMTI Training Curriculum (Presbyterian Church of Korea, Hapdong) = 263
• 5.3.5.1 Weaknesses of GMTI = 265
• 5.3.5.2 Strengths of GMTI = 266
• 5.3.6 Analysis of GMTC Training Curriculum (Global Missionary Fellowship) = 267
• 5.3.6.1 Weaknesses of GMTC = 268
• 5.3.6.2 Strengths of GMTC = 269
• 5.3.7 Analysis of MTI Training Curriculum (Interdenominational) = 271
• 5.3.7.1 Weaknesses of MTI = 272
• 5.3.7.2 Strengths of MTI = 273
• 5.3.8 Analysis of OMMTC Training Curriculum (Operation Mobilization Korea) = 274
• 5.3.8.1 Weaknesses of OMMTC = 276
• 5.3.8.2 Strengths of OMMTC = 276
• 5.4 Summary and Discussion = 277
• 5.5 Notes = 285
• Chapter 6 Evaluation of Korea Missionaries' Cross-Cultural Adjustment and Its Relationship to Their Training Programs = 286
• 6.1 Methodology = 287
• 6.1.1 Sample Description = 287
• 6.1.2 Instruments for Collecting Data = 291
• 6.1.2.1 The Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory(CCAI) = 291
• 6.1.2.2 Questionnaire for Korean Missionaries(QFKM) = 293
• 6.1.3 Procedure = 294
• 6.2 Research Findings = 296
• 6.2.1 The Results of the CCAI = 298
• 6.2.2 The Significance of Difference Found Between the Training Centers = 300
• 6.2.3 Summary of the CCAI Results = 305
• 6.3 The Results of Questionnaire for Korean Missionaries(QFKM) = 305
• 6.3.1 Expectation and Satisfaction in Ministry = 308
• 6.3.2 Language = 310
• 6.3.3 Health = 312
• 6.3.4 Relationships = 313
• 6.3.5 Korean Missionary Attrition = 317
• 6.3.6 Summary of the QFKM Results = 318
• 6.4 Behind the Facts of Statistical Analysis : Interviews with Korean Missionaries and Nationals = 320
• 6.4.1 Language Compentency = 322
• 6.4.2 Health = 324
• 6.4.3 Relationships = 325
• 6.4.3.1 Relationship with Nationals = 325
• 6.4.3.2 Relationship with Fellow Missionaries = 328
• 6.4.3.3 Relationship with Family = 329
• 6.4.3.4 Relationship with Mission Agencies and Sending Churches = 331
• 6.4.3.5 Epilogue = 331
• 6.4.4 Discussion = 333
• 6.4.5 Notes = 341
• Chapter 7 Cross-Cultural Missionary Training for Korean Missionaries = 342
• 7.1 Contributing Factors to Developing a Missionary Training Model = 342
• 7.1.1 Training Goals = 350
• 7.2 A Holistic Cross-Cultural Missionary Training Model = 352
• 7.2.1 Knowing (Theory and Information) : Formal Training = 356
• 7.2.2 Being(Character, Spirituality, and Interpersonal Skills) : Informal Training = 364
• 7.2.3 Doing (Experience and Skills) : Non-Formal Training = 371
• 7.3 Summary = 379
• 7.4 Notes = 383
• Chapter 8 Training Missionaries for Cross-Cultural Effectiveness : Missionalogical Implications and Recommendations = 385
• 8.1 Summary = 385
• 8.2 Missiological Implications = 388
• 8.3 Recommendations for Further Research = 394
• 8.4 Recommendations for Training Korean Missionaries = 397
• 8.5 Concluding Remarks = 401
• Appendices
• A. Questionnaire for Korean Missionaries = 405
• B. Interview with Directors of Missionary Training Centers in Korea = 412
• C. Interview with Korean Missionaries = 416
• D. Interview with Nationals (Local Ministers) = 419
• E. The Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory = 422
• F. An Example of Graphical Explanation of T-Test and F-Test = 424
• References Cited = 425