세계보건기구(WHO)의 역할과 한계: 코로나19 창궐 상황을 중심으로 = The Role and Limitations of the World Health Organization (WHO): focusing on COVID-19 Outbreak

국문 초록 (Abstract)

COVID-19의 국제적 전파로 인한 환자와 사망자의 급증으로 국내 및 국제사회는 큰 혼란에 빠졌고 WHO에 대한 불신도 증폭되었다. 조속한 백신 개발 및 접종에 대한 기대 외에 별 대책 없이 세계적 전파의 고통을 겪고 있는 국제사회는 미래 감염병의 위험에 효율적이고 능동적으로 대응하기 위한 개혁과 세계보건법의 재구성 필요성을 절감하고 있다.
WHO 규범의 실효성 강화와 이행 수단의 확보를 위하여 PHEIC 상황에서 발급되었던 권고들 중 공통적 내용과 주요 국제관행을 (의무적) 규칙 조항에 포함하고 보건 위협에 따른 국제여행과 무역의 제한에 대한 표준 및 집행 가이드라인을 마련하며 현재의 유명무실한 제도를 개혁하여야 한다.
어느 당사국의 의무 위반으로 손해를 입은 당사국을 실질적으로 구제할 수 있도록 분쟁해결 제도를 개혁해야 한다. 피해 당사국의 제소권을 인정하고 강제관할권을 갖는 특별법정의 설치가 필요하다.
사무총장에게 집중된 권한과 정치 편향성의 문제를 시정하기 위하여 비상위원회의 사무총장이나 특정 당사국으로부터의 독립성과 권한은 강화되어야 하고 그 의사결정 방법도 구체화하여야 한다.
WHO의 정보 수집 권한과 능력을 보완하기 위하여 ① WHO에 사실조사 권한의 부여 ② PHEIC이 결정된 경우 당사국이 제공해야 할 정보에 병원체 생물학적 표본과 GSD 포함, ③ 비당사국 정보 통로를 확대하여야 한다.
WHO는 강대국의 영향력으로부터 독립적으로, 과학적 근거와 평가에만 근거하여, 운영되어야 한다. 한편, 당사국들은 WHO 대응 및 관리 체제에 적극적으로 협력해야 한다. 이러한 WHO 개혁은 당사국의 주권과 영토관할권에 대한 제한이 수반된다는 점에서 국제사회의 보다 적극적 협력과 정치적 결단이 필요하다. 또한, WHO의 역할과 기능 강화는 충분한 예산 확보, 특히 당사국들의 더욱 많은 기여에 달려있다. 개혁을 통한 WHO에 대한 신뢰의 강화는 예산 확충의 방안이기도 하다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The rapid increase in the number of patients and deaths caused by the international spread of COVID-19 has caused great confusion in the domestic and international community and increased distrust in the WHO. The international community, which is experiencing without any good countermeasures other than the expectation of rapid vaccine development, recognizes the need for reform and reorganization of world health law to effectively and actively respond to the risk of future infectious diseases.
In order to strengthen the effectiveness of the WHO rules and regulations and secure the means of implementation, the common contents of the recommendations issued in the PHEIC situations and the main international practices are included in the provisions of regulations. Also, we should set standards and enforcement guidelines for the restriction of international travel and trade in the PHEIC situations.
The dispute settlement system should be reformed so as to provide substantial relief for any State Party that has been affected by the the other Party’s breach of its obligations. It is necessary to establish a special tribunal, which has compulsory jurisdiction, and to recognizes the right to sue of the affected Party.
In order to correct the problem of political bias and the power concentrated on the WHO Director-General, the independence and powers of the Emergency Committee from the Director-Genera or specific States Parties should be strengthened and the method of decision-making should be specified.
In order to supplement the WHO information collection authority and capacity, ① granting the authority to investigate facts to the WHO. ② In case PHEIC is determined, the information to be provided by the Party includes pathogen biological specimens and GSD, and ③ The information channels of non-State Party should be expanded.
WHO should operate solely on scientific basis and evaluation, independent of strong national influence. States Parties should actively cooperate in the WHO response and management system.
The international community's political determination is necessary in that this WHO reform entails restrictions on the sovereignty and territorial jurisdiction of the State party.
In addition, the strengthening of the role and function of WHO depends on securing a sufficient budget, in particular the greater contribution of the Parties. Reinforcement of trust in WHO through reform is also a way to expand the budget.

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